Health Concepts Quiz

Introduction to Health

• Health is a common theme across cultures
• Health defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
• Operational definition of health describes health as a quality of the human organism expressing adequate functioning in given conditions, (genetic or environmental).
• Health is characterized by no obvious disease and adequate functioning of organs working together.

Changing Concepts of Health

• Biomedical Concept: Health is the absence of disease. Bodily functions are assumed to be machine-like, and diseases are viewed as breakdowns.
• Ecological Concept: Health is a dynamic equilibrium between a person and their environment. It involves continuous adaptation and adjustment to the environment to ensure optimal functioning.
• Psychosocial Concept: Health is influenced by psychological, cultural, economical, and political factors.
• Holistic Concept: A synthesis of the above concepts. It is an unified or multidimensional process, involving a person's well-being in the context of their environment.

Philosophies of Health

• Health is a fundamental human right.
• Health is essential for productive life.
• Health is an essential part of development.
• Health is central to the concept of quality of life.
• Health necessitates individual, state, and international responsibility.
• Health maintenance is a major social investment.
• Health is a global social goal.

Dimensions of Health

• Physical: Perfect functioning of every cell and organ, working together to maintain harmony.
• Mental: A state of balance between the individual and the surrounding world, characterized by harmony between oneself and others and the environment.
• Social: The quality and quantity of an individual's interpersonal ties with others in the community and degree of involvement with the community.

Basic Principles of Primary Health Care (PHC)

• PHC is a whole-society approach aiming to achieve the highest possible levels of health and well-being, distributing health resources equitably
• PHC focuses on people's needs to advance health along a continuum from promotion through treatment, to rehabilitation and palliative care.
• PHC works in everyday settings to complement, or work alongside, the community.
• PHC is inclusive, equitable, and cost effective for achieving universal health coverage (UHC).
• PHC emphasizes the interconnectedness of health to other sectors.

Objectives of PHC

• Increase programs/services to support child and youth development.
• Boost community participation with government for community health improvements.
• Develop community satisfaction with PHC systems.
• Support and advocate for healthy policies in all relevant sectors and governmental levels.
• Support and encourage the implementation of public health policies.
• Provide reasonable and timely access to PHC services.
• Apply standards of accountability in professional practice
• Establish and support primary health care teams and networks.
• Support provision of comprehensive, integrated, and evidence-based primary health care services.

Five Principles of PHC

• Self-equity
• Nationwide coverage
• Self-reliance
• Intersectoral coordination
• People involvement

Principles and Strategies for PHC

• Accessibility, Availability, Affordability & Acceptability of Health Services
• Provision of quality, basic and essential health services
• Community participation
• Self reliance
• Recognition of interrelationship of Health and development
• Social mobilization
• Decentralization

Essential Health Services in PHC

• Education for health
• Locally-endemic disease control
• Expanded program for Immunization
• Maternal and Child Health, including responsible parenthood
• Essential Drugs
• Nutrition
• Treatment of communicable and non-communicable diseases
• Safe water and sanitation

The Health Care System

• Health care is the field of medicine focused on improving and maintaining the health of individuals.
• Health care involves processes associated with providing, receiving, maintaining, promoting, and restoring physical, mental, and emotional health.
• A healthcare system is a network of organizations, entities, and individuals aiming to improve health.
• These organizations, people, and processes interact to deliver healthcare in the community.
• The system mobilizes resources needed and for preventing and treating diseases and injuries.
• Healthcare systems operate with the goals of improving health outcomes and performance.

Health System Objectives

• Improving Health
• Responsiveness
• Fair Financing

National Health System Goals

• Improving access to healthcare
• Improving quality of care.
• Reducing healthcare costs.
• Reducing health disparities.
• Improving coordination of care.

Health Outcomes

• Health outcomes are the health status of a person or population at a specific point or over a period of time.
• Indicators are used to measure health status.
• Mortality is the number of deaths in a population over a specific time frame.
• Morbidity is the number of individuals experiencing a particular health condition/disease within a population over a particular time frame.

Factors that Impact Health Outcomes

• Quality of healthcare
• Socioeconomic status
• Social determinants of health
• Health risk factors

Key Components of a Well-Functioning Health System

• Population's health needs and expectations responsive to a community.
• Defending the population against threats via an integrated strategy
• Providing equitable people-centered care and preventing ill health and financial burden
• Allow people to participate in health and health system decisions
• Health authorities should have responsibility for steering the entire health sector
• Defines national policies, strategy and plan based on transparent and inclusive processes.

Levels of Health Care

• Primary level: Rural Health Unit, Barangay Health Station, Clinics. First point of contact between the community and higher levels of care.
• Secondary level: District and Provincial Hospitals. Provide specialized care and referrals.
• Tertiary level: Specialized and highly specialized care like hospitals that can perform major surgical procedures.

New Classifications of Hospitals

• Government: Hospitals created by law.
• Non-Government: Hospitals owned or operated through donation, NGO, a single proprietorship, partnership, or corporation.

Hospital Classification Scheme

• Levels 1, 2, and 3 are defined by minimum standards that define the services, staff, capacity, and equipment for each level.