Health Concepts Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the dietary guidelines for Americans?

  • Promoting the consumption of red meat
  • Increasing calorie intake
  • Preventing chronic health diseases related to excess nutrition (correct)
  • Encouraging high-protein diets

Which of the following foods should be emphasized in a healthy diet?

  • Sugary beverages
  • Saturated fats
  • Processed snacks
  • Whole grains and legumes (correct)

How much physical activity is recommended most days of the week?

  • 60 minutes
  • 30 minutes (correct)
  • 10 minutes
  • 90 minutes

What is the role of a dietitian in the healthcare team?

<p>Conducting complex nutritional assessments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nutrition is provided through a tube into the GI tract?

<p>Enteral Nutrition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet?

<p>Includes dairy and eggs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of nutrition is provided when someone cannot eat or swallow, but the GI tract is functional?

<p>Enteral Nutrition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of parenteral nutrition?

<p>Provides IV nutrition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary action does psyllium perform in the intestines?

<p>Absorbs water to increase bulk and soften the stool. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key nursing implication when administering psyllium?

<p>Encourage adequate fluid intake to prevent complications. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of ondansetron?

<p>QT prolongation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initial step should be taken when administering ondansetron intravenously?

<p>Administer slowly over 15-30 minutes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should patients be advised when using psyllium?

<p>Gradually increase the dosage to avoid gastrointestinal discomfort. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a beneficial dietary change for a client experiencing constipation?

<p>Increased fluid intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of hematuria?

<p>Presence of blood in the urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by involuntary loss of urine following a strong urge to urinate?

<p>Urge incontinence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method used to manage urinary incontinence?

<p>Weight gain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary modification is helpful for a client experiencing diarrhea?

<p>Eating small, frequent meals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes excessive urinary production, typically over 2500 mL per day?

<p>Polyuria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about pelvic floor training is correct?

<p>It can benefit individuals with various types of incontinence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary feature of stress incontinence?

<p>Leakage related to increased abdominal pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What flow rate of heated, humidified oxygen is delivered by a high-flow nasal cannula?

<p>20-60 L/min (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which positioning method is NOT recommended to improve gas exchange in patients?

<p>Supine positioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During stress, which of the following physiological changes does NOT occur?

<p>Constricted bronchial airways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a potential psychological response to stress?

<p>Irritability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can the chronic effects of unrelieved stress contribute to?

<p>Mental health conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which risk is increased due to long-term stress and elevated stress hormone levels?

<p>Cardiovascular disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is NOT typically associated with stress impacts on cognitive function?

<p>Improved decision making (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended relaxation strategy for stress management?

<p>Guided imagery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gastrointestinal disorder is linked to elevated stress levels?

<p>Ulcerative colitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might an individual experience as a consequence of stress-induced immunosuppression?

<p>Increased risk of infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of performing arterial blood gas (ABG) tests?

<p>To measure acid/base balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an effect of chronic stress on sexuality?

<p>Reduced libido (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which context are screenings done to detect possible mood disorders?

<p>At routine physical exams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT part of a complete blood count (CBC)?

<p>Bicarbonate (HCO3) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes sleep apnea from insomnia?

<p>Breathing cessation during sleep (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lifestyle recommendation is advised to promote healthy perfusion?

<p>Maintaining a diet low in sodium and lean meats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of diuretics in addressing perfusion issues?

<p>They reduce fluid overload and edema. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test is most useful for assessing ventilation problems?

<p>Chest X-ray (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anticoagulants are used primarily to:

<p>Prevent clot formation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of excessive clotting?

<p>Difficulty breathing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by symptoms of easy bruising and prolonged bleeding?

<p>Too little clotting occurs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Healthy Eating Guidelines

Focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, lean protein, and healthy fats to prevent chronic diseases.

Physical Activity Guidelines

Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity most days of the week, plus muscle-strengthening activities 2+ days a week; individual needs vary.

Dietitian's Role

A dietitian conducts nutritional assessments, develops personalized nutrition plans, provides crucial medical nutrition therapy, collaborates with healthcare teams to optimize nutritional outcomes, and educates patients on nutrition, adapting plans to individual needs.

Enteral Nutrition

Nutrition delivered through a tube directly into the gastrointestinal tract for people who cannot eat or swallow, but have a functioning GI tract.

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Parenteral Nutrition

Nutrition delivered intravenously (IV) for those unable to be fed orally or enterally, typically using essential nutrients like glucose, electrolytes, and amino acids.

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Vegetarian Diet

Excludes meat, poultry, and seafood, but can include dairy and eggs (lacto-ovo vegetarian).

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Vegan Diet

Excludes all animal products, including dairy, eggs, honey, and gelatin.

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Individualized Nutrition Plans

Nutrition plans that are tailored to specific health goals, lifestyle, cultural, or financial circumstances.

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Psyllium MOA

Psyllium is a bulk-forming laxative that absorbs water in the gut, making the stool larger and softer, promoting regular bowel movements.

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Psyllium Side Effects

Common side effects of psyllium include flatulence (gas), bloating, and abdominal discomfort.

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Ondansetron MOA

Ondansetron blocks serotonin receptors in the brain and gut, reducing nausea and vomiting.

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Ondansetron Adverse Effects

Potential serious effects of Ondansetron include a prolonged QT interval on an EKG, serotonin syndrome (when combined with other serotonin drugs), and allergic reactions.

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Administer Ondansetron

Ondansetron is given slowly intravenously over 15-30 minutes. Adjust dosage in patients with liver problems.

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High-Flow Nasal Cannula

Delivers 20-60 L/min of heated, humidified oxygen, often used for patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure.

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Positioning for Gas Exchange

Adjusting the patient's body position, such as upright or prone, to improve lung expansion and oxygenation.

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Pneumonia Signs

Symptoms that can signal pneumonia include coughing, shortness of breath, fever, chills, chest pain, and changes in sputum.

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Stress Responses

Physiological reactions to stress involve activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system, leading to increased heart rate, breathing, and blood sugar levels.

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Psychologic Stress Effects

Stress can manifest emotionally as anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating, mood changes, social withdrawal, and disrupted sleep.

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Colostomy

A surgical opening in the colon that allows stool to exit the body through the abdomen, typically formed from the large intestine, resulting in solid stool.

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Ileostomy

A surgical opening in the ileum that allows stool to exit the body through the abdomen, typically formed from the small intestine, resulting in watery stool.

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Constipation

Difficult or infrequent bowel movements, characterized by hard, dry stools that are difficult to pass.

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Diarrhea

Loose, watery stools that occur more frequently than usual.

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Oliguria

Reduced urine output, typically less than 500 mL per day in adults.

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Polyuria

Excessive urine production and excretion, usually over 2500 mL per day.

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Nocturia

Excessive urination at night.

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Dysuria

Painful urination.

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Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

A blood test that measures the acidity, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels in arterial blood. It's used to assess lung function and overall body oxygenation.

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SaO2

The percentage of hemoglobin in your blood that is saturated with oxygen.

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Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A blood test that measures different types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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Hematocrit (Hct)

The percentage of red blood cells in your blood.

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Sputum Culture

A laboratory test where a sample of phlegm is analyzed to identify any bacteria or fungi that might be causing an infection.

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Diuretics

Drugs that help your body eliminate excess fluid by increasing urine production.

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Anticoagulants

Medications that prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger.

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Vasodilators

Medications that widen blood vessels, allowing blood to flow through more easily.

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What are long-term effects of stress?

Long-term effects of stress can include cardiovascular disease (high blood pressure, arrhythmias, stroke, obesity), cognitive issues (headaches, irritability, poor decision-making, insomnia), weakened immune system, muscle tension, gastrointestinal problems, and skin and sexual health problems.

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What are some nursing assessments for stress?

Nurses should assess for signs of stress, including irritability, nervousness, feeling overwhelmed, sadness, unexplained headaches, abdominal pain, insomnia, fatigue, restlessness, and difficulty concentrating.

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What are some stress management strategies?

Stress management strategies include time management techniques, social support, regular exercise, a healthy diet, adequate sleep, music therapy, relaxation techniques (guided imagery, massage, meditation, breathing exercises, yoga), therapeutic lifestyle changes, and pharmacotherapy.

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What are variations in affect?

Variations in affect can refer to changes in emotional expression, such as flat affect (minimal emotional expression), blunted affect (reduced emotional expression), inappropriate affect (emotions incongruent with the situation), and labile affect (rapidly shifting emotions).

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What is insomnia?

Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing poor quality sleep. It can be short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic).

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What is sleep apnea?

Sleep apnea is a serious sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. It's caused by airway obstruction or a lack of respiratory effort, leading to disrupted sleep and low oxygen levels.

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Explain sleep deprivation.

Sleep deprivation is a state of insufficient sleep, leading to negative consequences on physical and mental health. This can be caused by various factors like insomnia, shift work, or other sleep interruptions.

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Study Notes

General Information

  • Notes on various health and illness concepts.
  • Information on nutrition, elimination, and perfusion, as well as oxygenation and sleep.
  • Details related to patient care and potential health issues.
  • Includes discussion about risk factors, preventative strategies, interventions, and physical assessments.

Nutrition

  • Populations at risk for nutritional alterations include infants, children, pregnant/lactating women, and older adults.
  • Risk factors include genetics, lifestyle and eating patterns, and learned stress coping mechanisms.
  • Physiologic consequences of a poor quality diet can include macronutrient deficiencies (carbs, proteins, fats), micronutrient deficiencies (minerals, vitamins), and poor wound healing.
  • Poor quality diets can lead to increased morbidity and mortality.

Elimination

  • Risk factors for urinary retention include conditions like enlarged prostate, constipation, and medications.
  • Risk factors for urinary incontinence include conditions like nervous system problems, changes in bladder shape (constipation affecting bladder), and side effects from medications.
  • Risk factors for stool retention/constipation are delayed defecation, side effects of medications, reduced peristalsis and changes in diet, routines, or physical activity
  • Interventions for facilitating regular bowel/urinary elimination include procedures and surgical interventions as well as dietary changes, physical activity and pharmacologic interventions.

Perfusion

  • Impaired central perfusion could result from conditions like altered conduction, reduced myocardial contraction, ineffective heart valves, and changes in intravascular volume.
  • Impaired tissue perfusion can result from embolism, blockage of arteries, or edema.
  • Individual risk factors that influence perfusion include genetics, lifestyle, immobility and conditions such as pressure ulcers, ischemia, and blood clots.
  • Interventions/education should focus on preventing alterations in elimination.

Gas Exchange

  • Important differences between ventilation, transport, and perfusion.
  • Conditions that result in problems with gas exchange in mild and severe cases.
  • Populations at high risk of gas exchange issues include infants, children, adults and elders.
  • Symptoms to watch for in gas exchange problems include fatigue, increased heart rate and respiration, shortness of breath, chest pain when breathing and low oxygen saturation.
  • Common assessments for gas exchange problems include pulse oximetry, arterial blood gas measurement, and monitoring vital signs/mental status.

Sleep

  • Defining and comparing sleep disorders including sleep apnea, insomnia, and sleep deprivation.
  • Factors contributing to sleep issues, like shifts work, diet and exercise, stimulants/meds, environmental factors, illness, and social/emotional concerns.
  • Signs/symptoms of sleep issues include daytime sleepiness, and trouble with concentration.

Mood and Affect

  • Important variations in mood and affect(e.g., euthymic, dysphoric, euphoric, depressed, irritable, labile).
  • Types of screenings for mood disorders.

Clotting

  • Consequences of excessive/inadequate clotting, including ischemia, tissue damage, conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, heart attack, or stroke.
  • Signs/symptoms of abnormal clotting.
  • Various laboratory tests to identify problems with clotting

Hypertension

  • Potential consequences of untreated high blood pressure.
  • Common risks for hypertension.
  • Strategies for lowering blood pressure.
  • Risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing venous thromboembolism.

Oxygenation

  • Various oxygen delivery systems and their uses.
  • Positioning strategies for maximizing oxygen exchange and delivery to tissues.

Medical Interventions

  • Methods to treat respiratory tract infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma.
  • Various invasive procedures and uses.

Medications

  • Specific medications and their uses for treating various health conditions.

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Related Documents

Nurs 101 Reading Guide Module 3 PDF

Description

This quiz covers essential health and illness concepts, with a focus on nutrition, elimination, perfusion, oxygenation, and sleep. It discusses patient care, risk factors for various health issues, and preventative strategies for maintaining wellness. Test your understanding of important health-related topics and their implications on patient care.

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