Unit 3 - Health Behaviour and Wellbeing
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Questions and Answers

What is the main argument against focusing solely on individual responsibility for health behavior change?

  • It does not consider the role of genetics in health.
  • It ignores the influence of social and environmental factors. (correct)
  • It fails to acknowledge the importance of healthcare professionals.
  • It is too difficult for individuals to change their behavior.
  • Which of the following is NOT a popular theoretical framework mentioned in the text?

  • Self-efficacy theory
  • Health belief model
  • Theory of planned behaviour
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (correct)
  • According to the Health Belief Model, what are the two key beliefs that influence health behavior change?

  • Attitude towards the behavior and subjective norms
  • Goal setting and feedback mechanisms
  • Risk perception and perceived benefits (correct)
  • Self-efficacy and perceived behavioral control
  • Which component of the Theory of Planned Behaviour focuses on the perceived social pressure to engage in a specific behavior?

    <p>Subjective norm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Theory of Planned Behaviour assumes that individuals make decisions based on:

    <p>Their rational evaluation of factors like attitudes, social norms, and control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central idea behind Social Cognitive Theory?

    <p>People learn by observing others and their interactions with the environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a health behaviour model?

    <p>Health Belief Model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of health promotion and primary prevention?

    <p>To promote good health and prevent illness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)?

    <p>Understanding how people learn and behave. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the SCT, what does "self-efficacy" specifically refer to?

    <p>The confidence in one's abilities to manage and execute actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Implementation Intentions (IIs) contribute to achieving desired behaviors?

    <p>By increasing the likelihood of success through the development of specific plans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge identified regarding the relationship between intentions and behavior?

    <p>The strength of the relationship varies considerably. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason why interventions based on the SCT may need adaptation?

    <p>People's readiness for change varies considerably. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective strategy for prompting health behavior change according to the text?

    <p>Targeting individuals with specific interventions designed to promote positive health behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential application of the Social Cognitive Theory?

    <p>Developing strategies for increasing voter turnout in elections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the reflective and impulsive modes of decision-making?

    <p>Reflective mode relies on conscious deliberation, while impulsive mode is driven by automatic associations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the COM-B framework?

    <p>To analyze the factors that contribute to an individual's behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'Impulsive Threads' highlight?

    <p>The difficulty in overcoming habits and conditioned responses in behavior change. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies addresses 'Impulsive Threads' in behavior change?

    <p>Highlighting the short-term benefits of the desired behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central idea behind motivational interviewing?

    <p>Helping individuals identify their own motivations for change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does 'change talk' relate to motivational interviewing?

    <p>It refers to a specific technique for eliciting change talk from individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of 'ambivalence' in motivational interviewing?

    <p>It provides an opportunity to explore the individual's pros and cons of change. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the OARS approach in motivational interviewing?

    <p>Observation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key goal of establishing 'discrepancy' in motivational interviewing?

    <p>To expose the individual's inconsistencies in their thoughts and behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a well-specified Behaviour Change Technique (BCT)?

    <p>It can be easily replicated and observed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using a BCT taxonomy?

    <p>To provide a standardized language for describing intervention components. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Motivational Interviewing, how does identifying ambivalence assist in behavior change?

    <p>It helps the individual to realize the discrepancy between their goals and their current situation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a direct benefit of using a BCT taxonomy for research purposes?

    <p>Guaranteeing the effectiveness of specific interventions in real-world settings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of BCTs in the context of behavioral interventions?

    <p>To serve as the active ingredients or components within intervention programs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a core element of Motivational Interviewing?

    <p>Providing direct advice and instructions for change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key benefit of using a well-defined BCT taxonomy for intervention development?

    <p>It provides a menu of components to choose from, fostering greater diversity in interventions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Motivational Interviewing contribute to resolving ambivalence about change?

    <p>It helps the individual to clarify and weigh their own reasons for and against change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key criticism of interventions based on behavioral theory, according to Mike Weed?

    <p>They fail to consider existing social systems and practices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of using the BCT Taxonomy for intervention design?

    <p>It promotes standardisation and consistency in intervention design. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the article, what is one key limitation of large-scale effectiveness trials for behavioral interventions?

    <p>They are difficult to conduct and require significant resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the BCT Taxonomy be useful for understanding the effectiveness of past interventions?

    <p>It can identify which BCTs are most frequently used in specific research areas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Hagger argue is necessary for promoting the adoption of behavioral interventions by policymakers?

    <p>Increased investment and advocacy to support the development and implementation of behavioral interventions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one area of potential agreement between Hagger and Weed regarding behavioral interventions?

    <p>The need for more research on the effectiveness of behavioral interventions in real-world settings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the BCT Taxonomy consist of?

    <p>A list of techniques for promoting individual behavior change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of implementation science that Hagger highlights as important for promoting behavioral interventions?

    <p>Understanding the factors that contribute to successful implementation of interventions in real-world settings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a reason why people might not engage in healthy behaviors?

    <p>Lack of access to resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of 'Change Talk' as described in the content?

    <p>My doctor said I should start exercising. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, which of the following professions would likely focus on implementing interventions and supporting individuals in adopting healthier behaviors?

    <p>Clinical health psychologist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key component of a successful worksite health promotion program according to the provided content?

    <p>Mandatory participation in health programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-Determination Theory (SDT) focuses on understanding which of the following?

    <p>The psychological needs that drive motivation and well-being (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of 'autonomous motivation', as described in the content?

    <p>A person starts eating healthier because they want to feel better. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, how can motivators, such as parents or teachers, support the development of autonomous motivation in others?

    <p>By creating a supportive environment that respects individual choices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key factor in promoting health behavior change, as suggested in the content?

    <p>Offering financial incentives for healthy choices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Health Belief Model

    A model suggesting people will change health behaviors if they believe they are at risk and that action will help.

    Theory of Planned Behaviour

    Theory stating individuals act based on attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

    Attribution Theory

    A framework exploring how individuals explain the causes of their own and others' behaviors.

    Self-Efficacy Theory

    Theory positing that belief in one's ability affects behavior performance.

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    Social Cognitive Theory

    Theory explaining learning and behavior through observation of others and their environment.

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    Goal Setting Theories

    Theories focusing on the importance of setting specific and challenging goals to enhance performance.

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    Health Action Process Approach

    A model describing the psychological processes involved in health behavior change.

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    Transtheoretical Model

    A model describing stages of change individuals go through to adopt healthier behaviors.

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    Self-Efficacy

    Belief in one's capabilities to manage prospective situations.

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    Social Learning Theory (SCT)

    Theory explaining how people learn by observing others.

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    Motivation Components

    Includes self-efficacy, goals, and values influencing behavior.

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    Implementation Intentions (IIs)

    Plans that specify when and how to act on intentions.

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    Intention vs. Behavior

    Intention is a predictor of behavior, not always stable.

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    Reflective Mode

    A slow decision-making process based on rules and self-regulation.

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    Impulsive Mode

    Quick, automatic responses learned from past experiences.

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    Behavior Change Interventions

    Designed to promote positive outcomes by adjusting beliefs.

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    Positive social cognitions

    Interventions aimed at fostering constructive thought processes regarding social interactions.

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    Stages of behavior change

    The phases individuals go through when modifying their behaviors, requiring tailored interventions.

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    Impulsive behavior

    Actions taken without forethought, often influenced by habits or immediate rewards.

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    Short-term benefits

    Immediate positive outcomes of health behaviors that may encourage sustained engagement.

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    COM-B Framework

    A model that identifies Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation as essential for behavior change.

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    Capability in COM-B

    An individual's psychological and physical ability to perform a specific behavior.

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    Motivation in COM-B

    The conscious and unconscious factors that drive an individual to enact change.

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    Motivational Interviewing

    A technique that enhances a person's motivation to change by addressing ambivalence.

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    Change Talk

    A conversation focused on a person's desire and ability to change a behavior.

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    Desire in Change Talk

    The individual's wish to make a change, for example, wanting to lose weight.

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    Ability in Change Talk

    A person's confidence in their capability to change based on past experiences.

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    Self-Determination Theory (SDT)

    A theory focused on how basic psychological needs drive motivation and wellness.

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    Role of Health Psychologist

    Professionals who support health behavior change through interventions and research.

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    Occupational Health Psychology

    Focuses on improving health in the workplace through redesign and programs.

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    Commitment in Change Talk

    The resolution a person expresses to take control and change their behavior.

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    Motivation Barriers

    Factors that prevent individuals from engaging in healthy behaviors.

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    Identify Ambivalence

    The process of recognizing conflicts between current behavior and goals.

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    Elicit Reasons for Change

    Helping clients identify and express their motivations for change.

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    Build Confidence

    Boosting a person's belief in their ability to successfully change behavior.

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    Resolve Ambivalence

    Clarifying and addressing indecision about changing behavior.

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    Behavior Change Techniques (BCT)

    Observable components designed to change behavior within interventions.

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    Taxonomy of BCTs

    A classification system to specify and communicate behavior change techniques.

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    Why BCTs are Needed

    To replicate interventions, communicate effectively, and synthesize evidence.

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    BCT Taxonomy

    A classification of 93 techniques for behavior change interventions, organized into 16 categories.

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    Coding Past Interventions

    The process of categorizing past studies using BCT taxonomy to summarize interventions' effects.

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    Hagger's Argument

    Supports the effectiveness of behavioral theory interventions in promoting health behavior change.

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    Weed's Perspective

    Challenges the evidence of effectiveness for behavioral interventions in real-world settings.

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    Implementation Science

    The study of methods to promote the uptake of research findings in real-world settings.

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    Population Level Change

    Changes in behavior that affect entire communities rather than just individuals.

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    Need for More Research

    Emphasizes the importance of ongoing studies to better understand effective behavior change interventions.

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    Study Notes

    Lecture 3: Theories and Behaviour Change Interventions

    • Personal responsibility involves health promotion and primary prevention initiatives beyond individual behaviours.
    • Popular theoretical frameworks include attribution theory, theory of planned behaviour, self-efficacy theory, self-perception models, achievement goals theory, goal setting theories, health belief model, transtheoretical model, and health action process approach.

    Table 15.1: Exercise Stages, Goals, and Sample Behavior Change Strategies

    • Precontemplation: Goal is to begin thinking about changing; Strategies include providing information about the role of exercise in good health, strengthening the actual and perceived personal benefits, reducing perceived costs and barriers, fostering a personal value for exercise.
    • Contemplation: Goal is to adopt regular exercise; Strategies include creating marketing campaigns with accurate, easy-to-understand guidelines for beginning an exercise program, offering activities to increase exercise self-efficacy (e.g., mastery experiences), and evaluating pros and cons of exercise.
    • Preparation: Goal is to adopt regular exercise at an appropriate target level; Strategies include creating a thorough physical and psychosocial assessment (self-monitoring), establishing realistic goals, evaluating environmental and social supports and barriers, and addressing barriers accordingly.

    The Health Belief Model

    • A health behaviour model based on the belief that a health threat exists and that action will lessen the threat.
    • Health threat factors include personal vulnerability and the severity of consequences.
    • The model suggests individuals are more likely to change health behaviours if they believe they are at risk of illness and taking action will help.
    • Healthcare professionals utilize this model to develop programs that promote health behaviour changes.

    Theory of Planned Behaviour

    • Assumes individuals act rationally, influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.
    • These factors form the backdrop for decision-making, not necessarily consciously considered.
    • Components include attitude towards the behaviour (positive or negative evaluation), subjective norm (perceived social pressure), and perceived behavioral control (belief in one's ability to perform the behaviour).

    Social Cognitive Theory

    • Explains learning and behaviour through observation of others and the environment.
    • Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to manage prospective situations.
    • People learn by observing others, especially in social situations.
    • Behaviour is influenced by personal factors, environment, and the actions of others.
    • Motivation is also influenced by self-efficacy, goals, and values.
    • This theory can be used for health behaviours, media influence, and global issues such as climate change, population growth, poverty reduction, and gender equality.

    Implementation Intentions

    • Intentions are more likely to be acted on when accompanied by "if/then" plans.
    • Desired behaviours are integrated into a specific plan, making them more efficient, immediate, and automatic.
    • Health models are better at predicting behaviour than explaining it.
    • The relationship between intention and behaviour is often unstable.
    • Whether someone follows through with intentions depends on various factors.

    Dual Models

    • Reflective mode: slow, rule-based, accessed intentionally, involves knowledge of values and probabilities, and self-regulation.
    • Impulsive mode: associations acquired through experience.

    Connecting Threads

    • Interventions should promote positive social cognitions.
    • Attitudes towards costs and benefits, as well as efficacy, are weighed.

    How can we ensure intentions generate action?

    • How can we prompt health behaviour?

    COM-B Framework

    • This framework proposes three components: capability, opportunity, and motivation.
    • Leaders, policymakers, and behavioural scientists can understand why behaviours occur and how to promote change by assessing these components.
    • Capability refers to psychological and physical ability to participate in an activity.
    • Opportunity refers to external factors enabling behaviour.
    • Motivation refers to cognitive processes driving behaviour.

    Motivational Interviewing

    • A counselling style that helps individuals change behaviours by increasing their motivation.
    • Ambivalence (uncertainty) is a key component.
    • Techniques include establishing rapport, eliciting change talk, and developing discrepancy.
    • Change talk involves expressing reasons for change (desire, ability, reason, need, commitment).

    Applications in Health Promotion

    • Clinical health psychologists, behavioural counsellors, and applied health psychologists play roles in promoting behaviours via interventions.
    • Public health professionals, researchers, and organisations involved in health promotion (such as the UK's Behavioural Insights Team) are also involved.
    • Occupational health psychology focuses on work-related interventions, including factors like work design, training, ergonomic programs, health education, supportive social and physical environments, integration into company benefits to promote health and safety, employee assistance programs and employee screenings.

    Self-Determination Theory

    • Empirically based theory focusing on motivation, psychological needs, and wellness.
    • Important for understanding how individuals' motivations and behaviours can be influenced by external factors (like others).
    • Addresses how to facilitate (or hinder) motivation, using various strategies.

    Behavioural Change Techniques (BCTs)

    • These are the active ingredients in behavioural interventions to change behaviour.
    • They are observable and replicable components designed to alter behaviour.
    • These are grouped within a taxonomy with 93 individual techniques, within 16 categories.
    • These help researchers design, conduct, interpret, and execute interventions.

    Week 3 - Hagger and Weed Discussion

    • The article discusses the effectiveness of behaviour change interventions grounded in theory, focusing on the efficacy of population-level interventions.
    • One perspective argues for evidence based on large scale effectiveness trials as sufficient support.
    • The other perspective emphasizes the need for further research, using implementation science to develop more effective real-world interventions across entire populations.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of key theories related to health behavior change, including the Health Belief Model and Social Cognitive Theory. This quiz explores important concepts such as individual responsibility, self-efficacy, and the goals of health promotion. Perfect for students of health psychology or public health.

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