Health Assessment Module 2.5

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Questions and Answers

Which term refers to the physical change and increase in size of an individual?

  • Maturation
  • Differentiation
  • Development
  • Growth (correct)

What is a critical factor influencing both growth and development?

  • Level of education
  • Exposure to technology
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Genetic factors (correct)

According to developmental theories, which of the following reflects a typical sequence of development?

  • Continuous and orderly (correct)
  • Intermittent and sporadic
  • Random and unpredictable
  • Disorganized and fluctuating

Who developed a theory suggesting that child development is primarily directed by genetics?

<p>Arnold Gesell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage describes the progression from simple responses to specific and skilled responses in development?

<p>Differentiated development stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of development reflects an increase in complexity of function and skill progression?

<p>Biophysical development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term best describes the predictable sequence of stages in human growth, although their timing may vary?

<p>Typical growth pattern (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a factor influencing growth and development?

<p>Weather patterns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five stages of Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory?

<p>Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines how a child's personality develops, according to Freud?

<p>How parents handle children's basic desires (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves pleasure derived from the mouth and sucking?

<p>Oral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Erik Erikson's theory compared to Freud's?

<p>Identity development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term did Freud use to describe the underlying psychic energy driving human development?

<p>Libido (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do children focus on same-sex peer relationships?

<p>Latency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Erikson's theory differ from Freud's theory?

<p>It incorporates the entire lifespan. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range for the Anal stage in Freud's theory?

<p>18 months to 3 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'maturation' refer to in the context of child development?

<p>The process governed by intrinsic factors, mainly genes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these sequences correctly describes the order of physical control development after birth?

<p>Control over lips and tongues, then eye movements, then neck. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of development does a child's behavior primarily become purposeful?

<p>Infancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age range does 'toddlerhood' occur?

<p>1 - 3 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurs during the school-age stage of development?

<p>Influence of peer groups on behavior increases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the psychosocial changes in adolescence?

<p>Physical growth and self-concept undergo significant changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the young-adulthood stage?

<p>Development of personal lifestyle and relationships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age range corresponds to the 'middle-old' category of older adulthood?

<p>75 - 84 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the virtue associated with the stage of infancy?

<p>Hope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In early childhood, what is the primary indicator of negative resolution?

<p>Compulsive self-restraint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase involves a conflict between identity and role confusion?

<p>Adolescence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary positive indicator of resolution during the school age stage?

<p>Competence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virtue is highlighted in the stage of young adulthood?

<p>Love (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What negative outcome may result from unresolved conflicts during adulthood?

<p>Self-concern (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At maturity, what is the primary positive indicator of resolution?

<p>Acceptance of worth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common indicator of negative resolution during late childhood?

<p>Guilt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage is the primary conflict about learning assertiveness in relationships?

<p>Late childhood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the virtue associated with the adulthood stage?

<p>Care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Growth vs. Development

Growth refers to physical changes and size increase, while development involves increasing complexity and skills.

Principles of Growth & Development

Growth and development are continuous, orderly, and sequential, influenced by genetics, environment, and maturation.

Factors Influencing Growth & Development

Genetics, temperament, family, nutrition, environment, health, and culture all impact growth and development.

Gesell's Theory

Gesell's theory suggests that genetics primarily drive development, which is a natural maturation process.

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Developmental Stages

Development progresses through stages, with predictable sequences but varied timelines among individuals.

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Biophysical Development

Study of physical body growth and change across the lifespan, including height and weight.

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Differentiated Development

Development moving from general to specific responses, like a baby's general response vs. a child's specific fear or laughter.

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Growth Indicators

Indicators of growth include height, weight, bone size, dentition, sensory adaptation, and sexual development.

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Gesell's Maturation Theory

Children progress through specific developmental stages in a set order, but at their own pace. Development is driven by internal factors (genes).

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Cephalocaudal Trend

Development unfolds from head to toe. This means development of the head happens before development of the lower body.

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Neonatal Stage

The first few weeks of life, characterized by reflexive behaviors that gradually become more purposeful.

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Infancy

Period from one month to one year old. Marked by rapid physical growth.

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Toddlerhood

Ages 1-3. Characterized by increasing social and motor skills, giving toddlers greater autonomy.

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Preschool

Ages 3-6. Children explore experiences through play and their physical growth slows

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Adolescence

Ages 12-20. Characterized by self-concept changes related to biological development, and experimentation with values

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Older Adulthood

A period of life characterized by adaptation to aging, physical changes, such as decreased reaction time and increasing dependency on others.

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Freud's Psychosexual Theory

Personality develops in five stages (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital) influenced by how parents handle a child's desires.

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Psychosexual Stages

Ordered stages of childhood development focused on different parts of the body & pleasure.

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Libido

Psychic energy motivating human development, focusing on different areas at different stages.

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Erik Erikson's Theory

Describes development across the whole lifespan focusing on identity and social skills, not just sexuality.

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Psychosocial Theory

Focuses on how people develop beliefs and behaviors within a community.

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Oral Stage

First stage in Freud's theory, encompassing pleasure-seeking through the mouth.

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Anal Stage

Freud's stage where pleasure is focused on bowel and bladder control.

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Phallic Stage

Freud's stage where children develop attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

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Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)

Infants develop trust if their needs are consistently met, leading to hope, or mistrust if needs are neglected, leading to withdrawal.

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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood)

Toddlers learn self-control and independence, developing willpower, but shame and doubt if they are overly controlled.

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Initiative vs. Guilt (Late Childhood)

Preschoolers learn to act independently and initiate activities; guilt arises if they feel their actions are wrong.

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Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age)

School-age children develop competence by mastering tasks, or feelings of inferiority if they struggle.

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Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)

Adolescents develop a sense of self; confusion arises if they're unable to define their role.

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Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)

Young adults seek intimate relationships; isolation comes from avoiding close connections.

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Generativity vs. Stagnation (Adulthood)

Adults focus on contributing to society (generativity) or become self-absorbed (stagnation).

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Integrity vs. Despair (Maturity)

Older adults reflect on their life, accepting it for its uniqueness (integrity), or despair about their choices.

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Positive Resolution (Infancy)

Trust, leading to hope and faith in the world.

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Negative Resolution (Infancy)

Mistrust in others leads to withdrawal and isolation.

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Study Notes

Module 2.5: Ensuring Accuracy and Completeness of Health Assessment Data

  • Learning Outcome: Ensure accuracy, completeness, and integrity of health assessment data.
  • Topic Outline: Developmental Assessment, Psychological Assessment, Functional Assessment, Pain Assessment

Developmental Assessment

  • Objectives:
    • Differentiate between growth and development
    • Describe principles related to growth and development
    • List factors influencing growth and development
    • Describe stages of growth and development according to various theories

Growth

  • Definition: Physical change and increase in size
  • Indicators: Height, weight, bone size, dentition, sensory adaptation, development of sexual organs and characteristics
  • Growth rate: Very rapid during prenatal, neonatal, infancy, and adolescence

Development

  • Definition: Increase in complexity of function and skill progression
  • Behavioral aspects: A person develops ability to walk, talk, run, and think
  • Developmental stages:
    • Lifts head (90°) while lying on stomach: 2.2 months
    • Rolls over: 2.8 months
    • Sits propped up (head steady): 2.9 months
    • Sits without support: 5.5 months
    • Stands holding on: 5.8 months
    • Walks holding on: 9.2 months
    • Stands momentarily: 9.8 months
    • Stands alone well: 11.5 months
    • Walks well: 12.1 months
    • Walks backward: 14.3 months
    • Walks up steps (with help): 17.0 months
    • Kicks ball forward: 20.0 months

Principles of Growth & Development

  • Continuous, orderly, sequential processes influenced by maturational, environmental, and genetic factors

  • Humans follow the same pattern of growth

  • Cephalocaudal direction: Development proceeds from head to tail

  • Proximodistal direction: Development proceeds from center/midline outward toward extremities

  • Predictable sequence, but time of onset, length of stage, and effects vary among individuals

  • Development from simple to complex or single acts to integrated acts

  • Development increasingly differentiated: Generalized response to a stimulus eventually becomes a specific response (e.g. total body response in an infant versus laughter/fear in a 5 year-old)

  • Multiple areas of development interact and influence each other (e.g. physical, social, intellectual, emotional)

Factors Influencing Growth and Development

  • Genetics
  • Temperament
  • Family
  • Nutrition
  • Environment
  • Health
  • Culture

Theories of Growth and Development

  • Biophysical Theories: Describe the physical body's growth and changes

    • Arnold Gesell: Development directed by genetics; maturation process
    • Gesell's Assertion: Children go through the same developmental stages in the same order despite differences in rate
    • Maturation: Process controlled by intrinsic factors (primarily genes)

  • Psychosocial Theories: Refer to personality development

    • Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual Development Theory, personality in five overlapping stages (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital)
    • Freud's Belief: Parents' interactions shape children's desires/drives; influences long-term personality outcomes
    • Freud's Libido: Dynamic psychic energy that underlies human motivation
    • Erik Erikson: Expanded Freud's work to the entire life span; Psychosocial stages (e.g., trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt)
    • Each stage involves a conflict that affects how individuals view aspects of their personality/the world

Stages of Growth and Development

  • Neonatal (Birth-28 days): Behavior largely reflexive initially, progresses to purposeful behavior
  • Infancy (1 month - 1 year): Rapid physical growth
  • Toddlerhood (1-3 years): Increased psychosocial skills, motor development permits physical autonomy
  • Preschool (3-6 years): New experiences (social roles/play); Physical growth slower
  • School Age (6-12 years): Peer group influence; physical, cognitive, and social development increases
  • Adolescence (12-20 years): Self-concept changes with biologic development; values tested; physical growth accelerates
  • Young Adulthood (20-40 years): Personal lifestyle develops; relationships established
  • Middle Adulthood (40-65 years): Lifestyle changes due to life events (e.g. children leaving home);
  • Older Adulthood (65+): Adaptation to retirement; physical changes related to chronic illness and aging

Assignment

  • Complete a concept map of growth and development, including moral and spiritual theories
  • Advanced reading:
    • Promoting health from conception to adolescence
    • Promoting health in young and middle-aged adults
    • Promoting health in older adults

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