Growth and Development in School-Aged Children

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Questions and Answers

What is an expected vital sign finding in a school-aged child up to 10 years of age?

Heart rate of 100-120 beats per minute

Blood pressure of 110/70 mmHg (correct)

Respiratory rate of 20-30 breaths per minute

Temperature ranging from 98.6°F to 101°F

Which of the following is a crucial aspect to consider when taking a health history of a school-aged child?

Parental health history only

Current medication and allergies (correct)

Sibling's medical conditions only

Family income and employment status

Which of these approaches is NOT recommended when interviewing a school-aged child?

Building rapport with the child first

Asking leading questions to guide responses (correct)

Involving a parent in the conversation

Using open-ended questions

What is a common biological change during the growth of school-aged children?

Increased muscle mass and strength Signup and view all the answers

When considering cultural aspects in families with school-aged children, which factor is significant?

Religious beliefs impacting health care choices Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological aspect may affect school-aged children's development?

Impact of peer relationships and self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following safety considerations is essential for school-aged children?

Teaching them to recognize dangerous situations Signup and view all the answers

Which growth characteristic is typical for school-aged children?

Rapid cognitive development slowing down Signup and view all the answers

At what age does a child's handedness typically become established?

Age 5 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common growth measurement for school-aged children?

Increase in height of approximately 5 cm annually Signup and view all the answers

By the end of school-age years, which statement is accurate regarding boys and girls?

Girls tend to surpass boys in height and weight Signup and view all the answers

At what age do girls typically begin showing signs of puberty?

10 years Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary social development goal for children in the first grade?

Arguing their perspective to persuade peers Signup and view all the answers

What is the average age of onset of puberty for boys?

12 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding physical development is true for children between 8 to 9 years of age?

They develop the ability to read classic books Signup and view all the answers

What is the least invasive method of assessment for school-age children?

Visual inspection without touching Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a common misconception about the onset of menstruation?

Every girl develops at the same pace regardless of individual factors. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically experience the loss of their first tooth?

Age 6 Signup and view all the answers

What psychosocial conflict characterizes children in Erikson's stage of development mentioned?

Industry vs. Inferiority Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is indicated as a strong motivating power during childhood development according to Erikson's theory?

Peer approval Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of socialization in early school-age children?

Few gender differences exist among their play activities Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive ability differentiates children in the concrete operational stage according to Piaget?

Conservation Signup and view all the answers

At what cognitive development stage can an 8-year-old child effectively use past experiences to evaluate the present?

Concrete operational stage Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior demonstrates the egocentric characteristics described in Piaget’s theory?

Believing everyone sees the world as they do Signup and view all the answers

Which activity reflects that a child is functioning at the expected developmental level?

Engaging in pretend play and believing in imaginary friends Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavior exhibited by bullies?

Displays dominant personalities and breaks school rules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of bullying?

Enhanced social skills and resilience Signup and view all the answers

What is an important strategy for managing bullying in schools?

Empowering children and implementing antibullying interventions Signup and view all the answers

Which preventive measure should children take to ensure online safety?

Set social media accounts to private and avoid sharing sensitive information Signup and view all the answers

What is the greatest single cause of death among Canadian youth?

Motor vehicle-related injuries Signup and view all the answers

Which guideline is essential when interviewing adolescents?

Ensure confidentiality and privacy Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to present sexual health information based on developmental maturity?

Knowledge is often inaccurate and needs guidance Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended approach to injury prevention among youths?

Employing a multidimensional approach Signup and view all the answers

How many hours of sleep are recommended for adolescents?

9 to 10 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly influences adolescents' eating habits?

Peer influence Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of developing skills to cope with stress during adolescence?

Improves academic performance and mental health Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of mental health is crucial for adolescents during their development?

Developing skills to cope with stress and change Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended approach to deal with dishonest behavior such as lying or stealing in children?

Implement appropriate and reasonable punishment Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of creating a suitable environment for children?

Setting a routine with scheduled quiet and physical activities Signup and view all the answers

At what age is it recommended to prepare parents for strong food preferences and potential refusals of specific food items?

Ages 5 to 6 Signup and view all the answers

What should parents expect regarding their child's health as they reach ages 7-10?

An improvement in health with fewer illnesses Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavioral change in children at ages 11 to 12 years?

Energetic and stormy behavior at age 11 Signup and view all the answers

Which safety concern should parents be particularly aware of when their children are aged 7-10?

Increased involvement in sports and need for safety Signup and view all the answers

What should parents expect regarding their child's emotional developments at ages 5 to 6?

Increased mood changes and emotionality Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration for children around age 10 related to their relationships?

Increased admiration for paternal figures Signup and view all the answers

What should parents ensure about a child's education regarding puberty and body changes?

It should include detailed and accurate sex education Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for parents to teach concerning potential harmful activities during ages 11-12?

Education regarding experimentation with potentially harmful activities Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course: NURS 2546 Health of Families and Social Groups
Week: 11
Topic: School-aged child and adolescent: Assessment, Injury and Safety
Fall: 2024

Learning Objectives (School-Aged Child)

Describe normal growth and development of school-aged children (up to 10 years).
Describe aspects of a head-to-toe assessment for school-aged children.
Identify expected findings in a head-to-toe assessment, including vital signs, for school-aged children (up to 10 years).
Describe specific aspects needed in a health history for a school-aged child.
Discuss different approaches nurses use to interview school-aged children.
Discuss psychological, cultural and diverse aspects of families with school-aged children.
Discuss health promotion for school-aged children
Identify and discuss safety and injury prevention and nursing roles for school-aged children.

Learning Objectives (Adolescents)

Describe normal growth and development of adolescents (male and female).
Describe aspects of a head-to-toe adolescent assessment.
Identify expected findings in a head-to-toe assessment of adolescents, including vital signs.
Describe specific aspects needed in a health history for adolescent clients.
Discuss different approaches nurses use to interview adolescents.
Discuss psychological, cultural and diverse aspects of families with adolescents.
Discuss health promotion for adolescents.
Identify and discuss safety and injury prevention and nursing roles in adolescents

Readings

Chapter 39: The school-aged child & family (pp. 956-968)
Chapter 40: The adolescent & family (pp. 973-987)

Growth & Development of School-aged Children (Ages 5-11 years)

Biological, emotional, and cognitive changes vary across race, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors.
Growth in height and weight: Children gain approximately 2-3 kg and grow about 5 cm annually.
5-year-olds typically weigh around 18.7 kg and are 110 cm tall.
10-12 years old typically range between 24.5-58 kg and 127-162.5 cm.
Boys are initially taller and heavier than girls but girls may surpass them by the end of school age.
Physical maturity does not always correlate with emotional or social maturity.

Growth & Development of School-aged Children (Table 39.1)

Physical and Motor Development
Mental abilities
Adaptive capabilities
Personal-Social skills
Socialization through peer groups.
Early peer interaction (ages 5-6) is less gendered with shared activities.
Greater gender differences emerge at later stages in developing friendships.

Growth & Development of School-aged Children (Table 39.1) - Physical Changes

Hand-eye coordination, and fine motor skills improve.
First tooth loss occurs around age 6, and permanent teeth erupt.
Posture and body shape change, with a decline in head and waist circumference.
Facial growth slows as compared to the rate of other parts of the body.
Primary teeth are lost and replaced with secondary teeth.

Assessment Approach: School-age Children

Include the child in history taking and assessments.
Use play, drawing, and pictures.
Involve parents and gather additional details.
Employ age-appropriate explanations.
Understand the child and family's previous experiences.

Assessment

General appearance
Vital signs (apical impulse location, growth measurements)
Head-to-toe assessment (least to most invasive methods: no touching, then blood pressure or axillary temp.)
Screening

Preventive Care Visits (Ages 10-13)

Vital measurements (height, weight, BMI, BMI percentile)
Psychosocial history/development
Nutrition
Education and advice related to behaviors.
Family issues
Injury prevention
Safety practices
Other specific concerns
Medical/Physical examinations, immunizations, and medications tracked throughout visit periods.

Normal Vital Signs According to Age

Provides ranges of heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate based on age and prematurity status

Maturation of Systems

Emotions, gastrointestinal (GI), cardiovascular (CV), immune (Immun), and musculoskeletal (MSK) systems undergo changes.
Gastrointestinal changes involve fewer stomach upsets, increased glucose control, and greater stomach capacity compared to preschoolers.

Prepubescence

Preadolescence typically lasts for 2 years, from the end of childhood to approximately age 13.
Puberty signals the beginning of 2nd sex characteristic development.
The average age of pubescence onset is 2 years earlier for girls than boys.

Question (12-year-old girl about period)

The best answer for the nurse is that every girl's development is different, but the typical age of first period is around 9-16 years of age.

Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory

Sense of industry vs sense of inferiority, specifically as children develop skills, engage in social activities and interact with others.
Reinforcement through recognition and peer approval is a critical motivator for these age groups.

Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

Stages of cognitive development, from concrete to formal operational thinking/stages.
Stages describe levels of thinking (evaluation, conservation, etc).
This is relevant to interactions and assessments with children of these ages.

Question (8-year-old child's cognitive development)

The best answer as to what demonstrates an 8-year-old child's cognitive development is engaging in pretend play and believing in imaginary friends.

Bullying

Recurring targeted aggression, likely to occur across home, school and peer groups
Related to social, physical and mental health problems

Include concerns related to dishonesty, stress, fear and conflict.

Guidance for Parents During School Years (Ages 5-12)

Focus on healthy habits and concerns related to growth and development.
Importance of injury prevention, safety (i.e. bicycles), and parental support
Concerns related to proper sleep and nutritional needs during this period

Adolescence

Normal growth and development in adolescents, and different stages of development.
Pubertal growth spurts are identified by gender and timing.
Pubertal sexual maturation and development are discussed, including timelines and Tanner Stages

Adolescence Assessment

Privacy and confidentiality are paramount
Caregiver presence is essential
Vital signs and general appearance are key aspects of a basic assessment
Head-to-toe assessment (least to most invasive)

Question (16-year-old boy isolating)

The best response from the nurse is recognition that isolation and withdrawal is common for adolescents during identity development.

Piaget: Emergence of Formal Operational Thought – Adolescence

Concrete and formal operational stages
Abstract thinking and complex issues associated with future possibilities and considerations become present

Promoting Optimal Health During Adolescence

Eating habits and behaviors
Influence of peers
Physical conditions can develop
Personal care
Mental health is a major part of this developmental stage, and stress reduction techniques can be used to mitigate this.
Injury prevention and safety
Sleep and sleep disorders are discussed related to this age bracket
Sex health and sexual maturity are considered
Guidance from parents is essential, as adolescent needs change and grow with them.

How to Assess for Sensitive Topics – Adolescence

Include sexual topics and emotional concerns with sensitive approaches.
Maintain confidentiality
Be mindful of the patient, as they may need additional support and understanding

Social and emotional issues
Lack of respect for identity
Peer and family issues and pressures
Rejection or estrangement from family
Pressure to conform to social norms in these cases

Sleep Habits in Adolescents (Ages 10-12)

Consistent sleep patterns are emphasized
Avoiding daytime napping and media use before bed
Regular exercise can help with promoting better sleep quality.
Avoid stimulants or foods that may cause sleep disruption
Medical aid should be sought if issues persistent and disruptive to daily life.

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Description

This quiz covers vital signs, growth patterns, and developmental considerations for school-aged children up to 10 years of age. It explores health history, safety, cultural aspects, and psychological factors relevant to this age group. Test your knowledge on the common biological changes and crucial developmental milestones.