Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which definition best describes health?
Which definition best describes health?
- A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. (correct)
- The ability to perform vital functions normally.
- A combination of lifestyle choices and medical treatments.
- The absence of disease or infirmity.
What type of disease cannot be transmitted from one person to another?
What type of disease cannot be transmitted from one person to another?
- Genetically inherited diseases (correct)
- Vector-borne diseases
- Infectious diseases
- Zoonotic diseases
Which of the following is a mode of transmission for infectious diseases?
Which of the following is a mode of transmission for infectious diseases?
- Environmental exposure
- Genetic predisposition
- Nutritional deficiency
- Indirect contact (correct)
Which term refers to an organism that feeds on or in another living organism?
Which term refers to an organism that feeds on or in another living organism?
What best describes an ectoparasite?
What best describes an ectoparasite?
What characterizes non-communicable diseases (NCDs)?
What characterizes non-communicable diseases (NCDs)?
Which of the following is an example of vector transmission?
Which of the following is an example of vector transmission?
Which statement about infectious diseases is accurate?
Which statement about infectious diseases is accurate?
What is one primary method by which Ebola is transmitted?
What is one primary method by which Ebola is transmitted?
Which of the following is a factor that contributed to the Ebola epidemic in West Africa?
Which of the following is a factor that contributed to the Ebola epidemic in West Africa?
In the investigation method for microbial testing, what is the purpose of using a control agar plate?
In the investigation method for microbial testing, what is the purpose of using a control agar plate?
Which portals of entry are common for infectious agents?
Which portals of entry are common for infectious agents?
What is a key precaution when conducting microbial testing?
What is a key precaution when conducting microbial testing?
Which sampling procedure is NOT used in investigating the presence of microbes in water?
Which sampling procedure is NOT used in investigating the presence of microbes in water?
What defines the 'chain of infection'?
What defines the 'chain of infection'?
Which of the following is an example of direct contact transmission?
Which of the following is an example of direct contact transmission?
Which description best fits the method of indirect contact transmission?
Which description best fits the method of indirect contact transmission?
What is the role of a susceptible host in the context of infectious diseases?
What is the role of a susceptible host in the context of infectious diseases?
What is a defining characteristic of pathogens?
What is a defining characteristic of pathogens?
Which of the following describes virulence in pathogens?
Which of the following describes virulence in pathogens?
What distinguishes prion diseases from other infectious diseases?
What distinguishes prion diseases from other infectious diseases?
Which of the following diseases is classified as a prion disease?
Which of the following diseases is classified as a prion disease?
Which type of pathogens are unable to reproduce independently?
Which type of pathogens are unable to reproduce independently?
What structural feature is common to all bacteria?
What structural feature is common to all bacteria?
What is the primary method by which bacteria reproduce?
What is the primary method by which bacteria reproduce?
What role do antibiotics play in infectious diseases?
What role do antibiotics play in infectious diseases?
What is a typical characteristic of viruses?
What is a typical characteristic of viruses?
Which term best describes the organisms that harbor and support pathogens?
Which term best describes the organisms that harbor and support pathogens?
What effect does bacterial infection have on the immune system?
What effect does bacterial infection have on the immune system?
Which type of pathogen can infect a wide variety of hosts including animals, plants, and bacteria?
Which type of pathogen can infect a wide variety of hosts including animals, plants, and bacteria?
What is one typical symptom of prion diseases?
What is one typical symptom of prion diseases?
How are pathogens commonly transmitted from the environment to hosts?
How are pathogens commonly transmitted from the environment to hosts?
What role do antibiotics play in treating bacterial infections?
What role do antibiotics play in treating bacterial infections?
Which component of fungal cell walls is different from plant cell walls?
Which component of fungal cell walls is different from plant cell walls?
What is a common method of transmission for tinea among individuals?
What is a common method of transmission for tinea among individuals?
Which of the following is a pathogenic protozoa that causes malaria?
Which of the following is a pathogenic protozoa that causes malaria?
What distinguishes macro-parasites from other parasites?
What distinguishes macro-parasites from other parasites?
What is a significant feature of the life cycle of Plasmodium?
What is a significant feature of the life cycle of Plasmodium?
Which of the following conditions can fungi cause in humans?
Which of the following conditions can fungi cause in humans?
What is the main advantage of protozoa forming dormant cysts?
What is the main advantage of protozoa forming dormant cysts?
Which factor primarily distinguishes endoparasites from ectoparasites?
Which factor primarily distinguishes endoparasites from ectoparasites?
How does the immune system respond to fungal infections?
How does the immune system respond to fungal infections?
Which is true regarding the antibiotic resistance of protozoan parasites?
Which is true regarding the antibiotic resistance of protozoan parasites?
What is the primary role of fungi in the ecosystem?
What is the primary role of fungi in the ecosystem?
What characterizes ectoparasites such as fleas and ticks?
What characterizes ectoparasites such as fleas and ticks?
What is an epidemic?
What is an epidemic?
What is a primary characteristic of biotrophic pathogens?
What is a primary characteristic of biotrophic pathogens?
Which plant pathogen group is responsible for producing toxins that compromise plant defenses?
Which plant pathogen group is responsible for producing toxins that compromise plant defenses?
How do vectors contribute to the spread of plant diseases?
How do vectors contribute to the spread of plant diseases?
What is a major consequence of intensive livestock farming?
What is a major consequence of intensive livestock farming?
What is the impact of chlorosis in infected plants?
What is the impact of chlorosis in infected plants?
How does foot and mouth disease primarily spread among cattle?
How does foot and mouth disease primarily spread among cattle?
What is a function of adhesions in pathogens like Helicobacter pylori?
What is a function of adhesions in pathogens like Helicobacter pylori?
What describes the role of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in livestock production?
What describes the role of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in livestock production?
Which of the following diseases can be transmitted to humans from animals?
Which of the following diseases can be transmitted to humans from animals?
What is the primary method of replication used by prokaryotic organisms?
What is the primary method of replication used by prokaryotic organisms?
What factor contributes to low genetic diversity in plants grown for agriculture?
What factor contributes to low genetic diversity in plants grown for agriculture?
What is the primary route through which the BSE prion can spread to humans?
What is the primary route through which the BSE prion can spread to humans?
Which plant pathogen can cause wilting by blocking stomata?
Which plant pathogen can cause wilting by blocking stomata?
What is the characteristic feature of anthrax spores?
What is the characteristic feature of anthrax spores?
What is the primary way that bacteria adhere to host cells?
What is the primary way that bacteria adhere to host cells?
How do viruses typically invade host cells?
How do viruses typically invade host cells?
Which statement describes the role of thermotolerant fungi?
Which statement describes the role of thermotolerant fungi?
What is an example of a plant's physical defense against pathogens?
What is an example of a plant's physical defense against pathogens?
Which mechanism is NOT a method by which plants respond to a pathogen?
Which mechanism is NOT a method by which plants respond to a pathogen?
What feature allows macroparasites such as hookworms to anchor to host tissue?
What feature allows macroparasites such as hookworms to anchor to host tissue?
What benefit does leaf dropping provide to a plant in response to infection?
What benefit does leaf dropping provide to a plant in response to infection?
What is the primary purpose of the plant's pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?
What is the primary purpose of the plant's pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?
What does the hypersensitive response (HR) lead to in infected plant cells?
What does the hypersensitive response (HR) lead to in infected plant cells?
Which of the following is an active defense mechanism in plants?
Which of the following is an active defense mechanism in plants?
How do ticks prevent host blood clotting during feeding?
How do ticks prevent host blood clotting during feeding?
What is systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants?
What is systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants?
Which factor contributes to the difficulty of establishing a fungal infection in a healthy plant?
Which factor contributes to the difficulty of establishing a fungal infection in a healthy plant?
What role do immunomodulatory proteins play in macroparasite infections?
What role do immunomodulatory proteins play in macroparasite infections?
What traditional use does tea tree oil have among the Bundjalung Aboriginal peoples?
What traditional use does tea tree oil have among the Bundjalung Aboriginal peoples?
How is Kakadu Plum primarily significant in traditional Aboriginal medicine?
How is Kakadu Plum primarily significant in traditional Aboriginal medicine?
Which of the following plants is associated with healing properties for sores and cuts in Northern Territory tribes?
Which of the following plants is associated with healing properties for sores and cuts in Northern Territory tribes?
What significant compound was found in smokebush during the AIDS epidemic?
What significant compound was found in smokebush during the AIDS epidemic?
What issue arises from the patenting of traditional medicinal plants according to the concerns presented?
What issue arises from the patenting of traditional medicinal plants according to the concerns presented?
Which traditional use is attributed to the Witchetty Grub by Central Australian tribes?
Which traditional use is attributed to the Witchetty Grub by Central Australian tribes?
Why were Indigenous Australians overlooked in the patenting of smokebush?
Why were Indigenous Australians overlooked in the patenting of smokebush?
What condition did eucalyptus oil traditionally treat before its modern usage?
What condition did eucalyptus oil traditionally treat before its modern usage?
What role has traditional Indigenous knowledge played in the screening of smokebush by bioprospecting companies?
What role has traditional Indigenous knowledge played in the screening of smokebush by bioprospecting companies?
What notable property do the leaves of Emu Bush have according to recent studies?
What notable property do the leaves of Emu Bush have according to recent studies?
What type of immunity is primarily mediated by B-cells?
What type of immunity is primarily mediated by B-cells?
What is the role of plasma cells in the immune response?
What is the role of plasma cells in the immune response?
Which statement about memory cells is correct?
Which statement about memory cells is correct?
Which type of T-cell directly destroys infected cells?
Which type of T-cell directly destroys infected cells?
What is the process called when antibodies immobilize pathogens by forming clumps?
What is the process called when antibodies immobilize pathogens by forming clumps?
In what way can Helper T-cells activate B-cells?
In what way can Helper T-cells activate B-cells?
Which component enhances the immune response by promoting inflammation and the activity of other immune cells?
Which component enhances the immune response by promoting inflammation and the activity of other immune cells?
What is the key factor that distinguishes active immunity from passive immunity?
What is the key factor that distinguishes active immunity from passive immunity?
Which immune response occurs when a pathogen has entered host cells?
Which immune response occurs when a pathogen has entered host cells?
What occurs during the clonal selection of B-cells?
What occurs during the clonal selection of B-cells?
Which type of immunity is typically offered through vaccination?
Which type of immunity is typically offered through vaccination?
What triggers the production of antibodies by plasma cells?
What triggers the production of antibodies by plasma cells?
What is the main function of suppressor T-cells in the immune system?
What is the main function of suppressor T-cells in the immune system?
What is the main purpose of immunizing a community?
What is the main purpose of immunizing a community?
Which approach is part of the RICE strategy for controlling infectious diseases?
Which approach is part of the RICE strategy for controlling infectious diseases?
What is the primary function of insecticides?
What is the primary function of insecticides?
What is the main concern regarding the increased use of pesticides?
What is the main concern regarding the increased use of pesticides?
What role does genetic engineering play in disease management?
What role does genetic engineering play in disease management?
What happens when antivirals are administered during a viral infection?
What happens when antivirals are administered during a viral infection?
Which of the following describes an antibiotic's action?
Which of the following describes an antibiotic's action?
What is a significant negative outcome of antibiotic misuse?
What is a significant negative outcome of antibiotic misuse?
What characteristic of DDT raises environmental concerns?
What characteristic of DDT raises environmental concerns?
What distinguishes passive acquired immunity from other types?
What distinguishes passive acquired immunity from other types?
How does proper use of antibiotics contribute to public health?
How does proper use of antibiotics contribute to public health?
What was a notable impact of the WHO's vaccination campaign?
What was a notable impact of the WHO's vaccination campaign?
What is one aim of public health campaigns?
What is one aim of public health campaigns?
What describes the nature of antivirals in managing viral infections?
What describes the nature of antivirals in managing viral infections?
What is one significant factor that can lead to the rapid spread of infectious diseases in a community?
What is one significant factor that can lead to the rapid spread of infectious diseases in a community?
Which type of hygiene focuses on individual cleanliness to prevent disease transmission?
Which type of hygiene focuses on individual cleanliness to prevent disease transmission?
What role does vaccination play in disease prevention?
What role does vaccination play in disease prevention?
What is a key procedure involved in animal quarantine?
What is a key procedure involved in animal quarantine?
Why is communication between countries essential for controlling the spread of infectious diseases?
Why is communication between countries essential for controlling the spread of infectious diseases?
Which practice is crucial for preventing the spread of foodborne pathogens?
Which practice is crucial for preventing the spread of foodborne pathogens?
What is an example of a global measure to prevent disease spread?
What is an example of a global measure to prevent disease spread?
What role does salicylic acid play in a plant's response to pathogens?
What role does salicylic acid play in a plant's response to pathogens?
How can climate influence the spread of certain infectious diseases like malaria?
How can climate influence the spread of certain infectious diseases like malaria?
Which statement accurately describes the first line of defense in the human immune system?
Which statement accurately describes the first line of defense in the human immune system?
What is an important aspect of community hygiene that prevents disease spread?
What is an important aspect of community hygiene that prevents disease spread?
What characterizes the inflammatory response in the second line of defense?
What characterizes the inflammatory response in the second line of defense?
What happens during the incubation period of a pathogen?
What happens during the incubation period of a pathogen?
What is the primary purpose of phagocytosis in the immune response?
What is the primary purpose of phagocytosis in the immune response?
What is the main purpose of public health campaigns in disease prevention?
What is the main purpose of public health campaigns in disease prevention?
How do goblet cells contribute to the first line of defense?
How do goblet cells contribute to the first line of defense?
What type of transmission involves direct contact with contaminated objects?
What type of transmission involves direct contact with contaminated objects?
What triggers the release of histamine during an immune response?
What triggers the release of histamine during an immune response?
How does genetic engineering contribute to preventing disease spread?
How does genetic engineering contribute to preventing disease spread?
What is the role of sentinel animals in disease prevention?
What is the role of sentinel animals in disease prevention?
Which disease is transmitted by a tick bite?
Which disease is transmitted by a tick bite?
Which component of the immune system is primarily responsible for creating antibodies?
Which component of the immune system is primarily responsible for creating antibodies?
What is the main function of lysozymes in the human body?
What is the main function of lysozymes in the human body?
Which experiment did Pasteur conduct to prove the role of microorganisms in fermentation?
Which experiment did Pasteur conduct to prove the role of microorganisms in fermentation?
What is the significance of the skin's slightly acidic nature?
What is the significance of the skin's slightly acidic nature?
What is the first postulate of Koch's postulates?
What is the first postulate of Koch's postulates?
Which cells are primarily involved in the process of phagocytosis?
Which cells are primarily involved in the process of phagocytosis?
What concept did Pasteur's experiment help to disprove?
What concept did Pasteur's experiment help to disprove?
What is vector transmission primarily associated with?
What is vector transmission primarily associated with?
What happens to pathogens that are contained within phagolysosomes?
What happens to pathogens that are contained within phagolysosomes?
What was one of the earliest mathematical models used to demonstrate the benefits of vaccination against smallpox?
What was one of the earliest mathematical models used to demonstrate the benefits of vaccination against smallpox?
Which approach did Koch use to confirm the cause of anthrax?
Which approach did Koch use to confirm the cause of anthrax?
Which barrier relies on physical structures to inhibit pathogen entry?
Which barrier relies on physical structures to inhibit pathogen entry?
What did Pasteur develop to reduce the microbial load in food products?
What did Pasteur develop to reduce the microbial load in food products?
What was a widely held belief regarding the cause of diseases like the Black Death and Cholera in historical contexts?
What was a widely held belief regarding the cause of diseases like the Black Death and Cholera in historical contexts?
Which process enhances the movement of white blood cells to an infected area?
Which process enhances the movement of white blood cells to an infected area?
What strategy did Cleopatra employ to protect herself from mosquito bites?
What strategy did Cleopatra employ to protect herself from mosquito bites?
What is the result of apoptosis in immune response?
What is the result of apoptosis in immune response?
Koch's method for cultivating pure cultures involved which of the following?
Koch's method for cultivating pure cultures involved which of the following?
Which of the following is a condition of Koch’s second postulate?
Which of the following is a condition of Koch’s second postulate?
Which of the following was a cultural factor that influenced the spread of Ebola in Africa between 2013-2016?
Which of the following was a cultural factor that influenced the spread of Ebola in Africa between 2013-2016?
What is the role of the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN)?
What is the role of the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN)?
Which statement best describes the Germ Theory of Disease?
Which statement best describes the Germ Theory of Disease?
What did John Snow famously use to track the spread of Cholera?
What did John Snow famously use to track the spread of Cholera?
What did Pasteur claim about microorganisms and infectious diseases?
What did Pasteur claim about microorganisms and infectious diseases?
What impact did Pasteur's work have on surgery?
What impact did Pasteur's work have on surgery?
What concept was introduced by Hippocrates regarding disease prediction?
What concept was introduced by Hippocrates regarding disease prediction?
What is an example of foodborne transmission of disease?
What is an example of foodborne transmission of disease?
Current disease prediction utilizes which of the following strategies?
Current disease prediction utilizes which of the following strategies?
What role does traditional Chinese medicine often involve in disease control?
What role does traditional Chinese medicine often involve in disease control?
How did Koch demonstrate that anthrax spores could cause disease without direct animal contact?
How did Koch demonstrate that anthrax spores could cause disease without direct animal contact?
Which of the following is considered a method for controlling disease in Australia?
Which of the following is considered a method for controlling disease in Australia?
What is a characteristic of bush medicine used by Aboriginal Australians?
What is a characteristic of bush medicine used by Aboriginal Australians?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the belief systems in certain cultures towards healthcare?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the belief systems in certain cultures towards healthcare?
What is the importance of recognizing Indigenous cultural and intellectual property in medicine?
What is the importance of recognizing Indigenous cultural and intellectual property in medicine?
What was the primary goal of the surveillance programs in current disease prediction?
What was the primary goal of the surveillance programs in current disease prediction?
What was the primary objective during the Delay phase of Australia's pandemic response?
What was the primary objective during the Delay phase of Australia's pandemic response?
What was a significant action taken during the Contain phase in Australia?
What was a significant action taken during the Contain phase in Australia?
Which groups were highlighted as facing a greater risk of serious illness from swine flu?
Which groups were highlighted as facing a greater risk of serious illness from swine flu?
What does the term 'incidence' refer to in the context of infectious diseases?
What does the term 'incidence' refer to in the context of infectious diseases?
Which factor significantly contributes to the spread of dengue fever?
Which factor significantly contributes to the spread of dengue fever?
Which region is estimated to bear around 70% of the global burden of dengue fever?
Which region is estimated to bear around 70% of the global burden of dengue fever?
What was a major issue linked to media management during the swine flu outbreak?
What was a major issue linked to media management during the swine flu outbreak?
How is the prevalence of a disease differentiated from its incidence?
How is the prevalence of a disease differentiated from its incidence?
Which approach was taken in the Protect phase of Australia's pandemic response?
Which approach was taken in the Protect phase of Australia's pandemic response?
What is a characteristic of dengue fever infections in South-East Asia?
What is a characteristic of dengue fever infections in South-East Asia?
What measures were taken to screen arrivals at Australian airports during the pandemic?
What measures were taken to screen arrivals at Australian airports during the pandemic?
What was the concept of mobility in relation to infectious diseases?
What was the concept of mobility in relation to infectious diseases?
In which phase were customs officers actively surveilling airplane cabins?
In which phase were customs officers actively surveilling airplane cabins?
Flashcards
Health (WHO definition)
Health (WHO definition)
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease or infirmity.
Disease
Disease
An impairment of health or abnormal functioning, often caused by a disorder of structure or function within the body.
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Diseases that are caused by pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.
Non-Infectious Diseases
Non-Infectious Diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Zoonotic Disease
Zoonotic Disease
Signup and view all the flashcards
Parasite
Parasite
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ectoparasite
Ectoparasite
Signup and view all the flashcards
Endoparasite
Endoparasite
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a pathogen?
What is a pathogen?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is virulence?
What is virulence?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is infection?
What is infection?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are prions?
What are prions?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is encephalopathy?
What is encephalopathy?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are viruses?
What are viruses?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is vaccination?
What is vaccination?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are bacteria?
What are bacteria?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do bacteria reproduce?
How do bacteria reproduce?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Where are bacteria found?
Where are bacteria found?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the human microflora?
What is the human microflora?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do pathogenic bacteria cause disease?
How do pathogenic bacteria cause disease?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the immune response to bacterial infections?
What is the immune response to bacterial infections?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Reservoir (in the Chain of Infection)
Reservoir (in the Chain of Infection)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Portal of Exit (in the Chain of Infection)
Portal of Exit (in the Chain of Infection)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Modes of Transmission (in the Chain of Infection)
Modes of Transmission (in the Chain of Infection)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Portal of Entry (in the Chain of Infection)
Portal of Entry (in the Chain of Infection)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Susceptible Host (in the Chain of Infection)
Susceptible Host (in the Chain of Infection)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Direct Contact Transmission
Direct Contact Transmission
Signup and view all the flashcards
Indirect Contact Transmission
Indirect Contact Transmission
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vector Transmission
Vector Transmission
Signup and view all the flashcards
Microbiological Culture
Microbiological Culture
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inoculating Loop
Inoculating Loop
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bordetella pertussis
Bordetella pertussis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Yeasts
Yeasts
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mushrooms
Mushrooms
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fungal Enzymes
Fungal Enzymes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tinea
Tinea
Signup and view all the flashcards
Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Plasmodium
Plasmodium
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vector
Vector
Signup and view all the flashcards
Macro-parasite
Macro-parasite
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tapeworm
Tapeworm
Signup and view all the flashcards
Guinea Worm
Guinea Worm
Signup and view all the flashcards
Epidemic
Epidemic
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pandemic
Pandemic
Signup and view all the flashcards
Postulate
Postulate
Signup and view all the flashcards
Plant diseases
Plant diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intensified Farming and Disease Transmission
Intensified Farming and Disease Transmission
Signup and view all the flashcards
Biotroph
Biotroph
Signup and view all the flashcards
Necrotroph
Necrotroph
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hyphae
Hyphae
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sporangium
Sporangium
Signup and view all the flashcards
Plant Virus
Plant Virus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Plant Macro-parasites
Plant Macro-parasites
Signup and view all the flashcards
Foot and Mouth Disease
Foot and Mouth Disease
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mad Cow Disease (BSE)
Mad Cow Disease (BSE)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anthrax
Anthrax
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pathogen Adaptations
Pathogen Adaptations
Signup and view all the flashcards
Adhesions
Adhesions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Airborne transmission
Airborne transmission
Signup and view all the flashcards
Contaminated object transmission
Contaminated object transmission
Signup and view all the flashcards
Food and drinking water transmission
Food and drinking water transmission
Signup and view all the flashcards
Animal to person transmission
Animal to person transmission
Signup and view all the flashcards
Koch's postulates
Koch's postulates
Signup and view all the flashcards
Postulate 1: Microorganism presence
Postulate 1: Microorganism presence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Postulate 2: Isolation and culture
Postulate 2: Isolation and culture
Signup and view all the flashcards
Postulate 3: Reproduction of disease
Postulate 3: Reproduction of disease
Signup and view all the flashcards
Postulate 4: Re-isolation and re-culture
Postulate 4: Re-isolation and re-culture
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment
Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pasteurization
Pasteurization
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anaerobic conditions
Anaerobic conditions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pathogen Mobility
Pathogen Mobility
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prion Adaptation
Prion Adaptation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Viral Adhesion
Viral Adhesion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Viral Invasion
Viral Invasion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bacterial Adhesion
Bacterial Adhesion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bacterial Resistance
Bacterial Resistance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bacterial Biofilms
Bacterial Biofilms
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bacterial Invasion Enzymes
Bacterial Invasion Enzymes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bacterial Endotoxins
Bacterial Endotoxins
Signup and view all the flashcards
Protozoan Protection
Protozoan Protection
Signup and view all the flashcards
Protozoan Lipid Secretion
Protozoan Lipid Secretion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fungal Adhesion
Fungal Adhesion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fungal Thermotolerance
Fungal Thermotolerance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Basal Resistance
Basal Resistance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hypersensitive Response
Hypersensitive Response
Signup and view all the flashcards
Salicylic Acid
Salicylic Acid
Signup and view all the flashcards
Antigen
Antigen
Signup and view all the flashcards
Physical Barriers
Physical Barriers
Signup and view all the flashcards
Goblet Cells
Goblet Cells
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cilia
Cilia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lysozymes
Lysozymes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Innate Immunity
Innate Immunity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inflammation
Inflammation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phagocytes
Phagocytes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lymph System
Lymph System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Apoptosis
Apoptosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Third Line of Defense
Third Line of Defense
Signup and view all the flashcards
Humoral Immunity
Humoral Immunity
Signup and view all the flashcards
B Lymphocytes (B-cells)
B Lymphocytes (B-cells)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Plasma Cells
Plasma Cells
Signup and view all the flashcards
Antibodies
Antibodies
Signup and view all the flashcards
Memory Cells
Memory Cells
Signup and view all the flashcards
T Lymphocytes (T-cells)
T Lymphocytes (T-cells)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Killer T-cells (Cytotoxic)
Killer T-cells (Cytotoxic)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Helper T-cells
Helper T-cells
Signup and view all the flashcards
Suppressor T-cells
Suppressor T-cells
Signup and view all the flashcards
Memory T-cells
Memory T-cells
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hormonal Response (Antibody Mediated)
Hormonal Response (Antibody Mediated)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cell Mediated Response
Cell Mediated Response
Signup and view all the flashcards
Active Immunity
Active Immunity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Incidence
Incidence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prevalence
Prevalence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mortality Rate
Mortality Rate
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mobility
Mobility
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dengue Fever
Dengue Fever
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dengue Vector
Dengue Vector
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dengue Incidence
Dengue Incidence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dengue Prevalence
Dengue Prevalence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dengue Spread
Dengue Spread
Signup and view all the flashcards
Delay Phase
Delay Phase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Contain Phase
Contain Phase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Protect Phase
Protect Phase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Delay Phase Objectives
Delay Phase Objectives
Signup and view all the flashcards
Contain Phase Objectives
Contain Phase Objectives
Signup and view all the flashcards
Protect Phase Objectives
Protect Phase Objectives
Signup and view all the flashcards
Passive Acquired Immunity
Passive Acquired Immunity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Herd Immunity
Herd Immunity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vaccination
Vaccination
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pesticides
Pesticides
Signup and view all the flashcards
Insecticides
Insecticides
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fungicides
Fungicides
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rodenticides
Rodenticides
Signup and view all the flashcards
Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
Signup and view all the flashcards
Antivirals
Antivirals
Signup and view all the flashcards
Antibiotics
Antibiotics
Signup and view all the flashcards
Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic Resistance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Swine Flu (H1N1)
Swine Flu (H1N1)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Public Health Campaign
Public Health Campaign
Signup and view all the flashcards
Personal Hygiene
Personal Hygiene
Signup and view all the flashcards
Community Hygiene
Community Hygiene
Signup and view all the flashcards
Quarantine
Quarantine
Signup and view all the flashcards
Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy
Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Animal Quarantine
Animal Quarantine
Signup and view all the flashcards
Plant Quarantine
Plant Quarantine
Signup and view all the flashcards
Human Quarantine
Human Quarantine
Signup and view all the flashcards
Active Acquired Immunity
Active Acquired Immunity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Booster Shots
Booster Shots
Signup and view all the flashcards
Use of Pesticides
Use of Pesticides
Signup and view all the flashcards
Overcrowding
Overcrowding
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tea Tree Oil
Tea Tree Oil
Signup and view all the flashcards
Eucalyptus Oil
Eucalyptus Oil
Signup and view all the flashcards
Emu Bush
Emu Bush
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kakadu Plum
Kakadu Plum
Signup and view all the flashcards
Witchetty Grub
Witchetty Grub
Signup and view all the flashcards
Smoke Bush
Smoke Bush
Signup and view all the flashcards
Conocurovone
Conocurovone
Signup and view all the flashcards
AMRAD
AMRAD
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bioprospecting
Bioprospecting
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oversight of Indigenous Contributions
Oversight of Indigenous Contributions
Signup and view all the flashcards
What was the historical belief about disease?
What was the historical belief about disease?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How did Bernoulli contribute to understanding disease?
How did Bernoulli contribute to understanding disease?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the Epidemic Model?
What is the Epidemic Model?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What was the benefit of the Epidemic Model?
What was the benefit of the Epidemic Model?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How did cultural practices impact Ebola spread?
How did cultural practices impact Ebola spread?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What was the role of traditional medicine in controlling disease?
What was the role of traditional medicine in controlling disease?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are key practices for predicting disease today?
What are key practices for predicting disease today?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How is modeling used in predicting disease?
How is modeling used in predicting disease?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does Australia approach controlling disease?
How does Australia approach controlling disease?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the purpose of the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System?
What is the purpose of the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does the WHO contribute to global disease control?
How does the WHO contribute to global disease control?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Describe the key practices of Bush Medicine.
Describe the key practices of Bush Medicine.
Signup and view all the flashcards
What scientific discoveries have emerged from Bush Medicine?
What scientific discoveries have emerged from Bush Medicine?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why is it important to protect Indigenous cultural property?
Why is it important to protect Indigenous cultural property?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the significance of the smoke bush in Western Australia?
What is the significance of the smoke bush in Western Australia?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Infectious Disease Transmission
- Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens, which can be microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa) or macroorganisms (parasites) or non-cellular (prions, viruses).
- Pathogens need a suitable environment (reservoir) to multiply, virulence (the ability to cause disease), and a transmission mechanism.
- Infectious diseases can be transmitted directly (physical contact, droplet spread), indirectly (airborne, contaminated objects, vectors), or by vectors (insects, animals).
- Epidemics involve a sudden increase in disease occurrence in a region, while pandemics are widespread across continents.
- Zoonotic diseases are spread between animals and humans.
Pathogen Classification
- Prions are misfolded proteins that cause neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., BSE, CJD).
- Viruses are non-cellular genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat. They replicate inside host cells.
- Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotic organisms with a cell wall. They reproduce asexually by binary fission.
- Fungi are eukaryotic organisms, typically multicellular, that can reproduce sexually or asexually.
- Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms, often found in water or soil.
- Macroparasites are visible parasites with complex life cycles, impacting both animals and plants.
Plant and Animal Responses to Pathogens
- Plants lack an adaptive immune system. They have innate defenses like physical barriers (cuticle, thorns) and chemical defenses (resin).
- The hypersensitive response (HR) is a localized defense mechanism that triggers programmed cell death (apoptosis) at the site of infection.
- Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a whole-plant response to infection, activating defenses in uninfected areas.
- Plant pathogens include fungi (e.g., powdery mildew), bacteria (e.g., soft rot), viruses, and macro-parasites (insects, mites, other).
- Animals have both innate (non-specific) and adaptive (specific) immune responses.
- Innate responses include physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), chemical barriers (acids, enzymes), inflammation, and phagocytosis (engulfment by immune cells).
Human Immune System Responses
- Adaptive immunity involves B cells (humoral immunity) and T cells (cell-mediated immunity).
- B cells produce antibodies that bind to antigens, neutralizing pathogens or triggering their destruction.
- Memory B cells provide long-term immunity.
- T cells (killer, helper, suppressor) directly attack infected cells.
- Memory T cells provide long-term immunity.
Disease Spread Control
- Hygiene practices (personal and community) reduce pathogen transmission.
- Quarantine isolates potentially infectious individuals or materials.
- Vaccination programs induce active immunity to prevent disease.
- Public health campaigns educate the population about disease prevention.
- Pesticides (insecticides, fungicides) can control insect and fungal vectors.
- Genetic engineering creates disease-resistant organisms.
Pharmaceutical Strategies
- Antivirals inhibit viral replication.
- Antibiotics kill or inhibit bacterial growth.
- Antibiotic resistance is a major concern due to overuse.
Environmental Management and Quarantine
- Surveillance programs monitor disease incidence and prevalence.
- Quarantine measures restrict the movement of infected individuals or materials.
- Community measures for sewage disposal and water treatment can minimize spread of infection.
Aboriginal Protocols and Medicine
- Aboriginal Australians have rich traditional knowledge of medicinal plants and animals.
- This knowledge is critical for biodiversity conservation and health maintenance, in rural and remote communities.
Data Analysis and Epidemiology
- Incidence refers to new cases of disease; prevalence includes existing and new cases.
- Mobility influences disease spread.
- Epidemiology examines disease patterns in populations.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on health concepts and disease classifications with this engaging quiz. From understanding definitions to modes of transmission, explore the key components of infectious and non-communicable diseases.
