MOD 7 Biology

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Questions and Answers

Which definition best describes health?

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. (correct)

The ability to perform vital functions normally.

A combination of lifestyle choices and medical treatments.

The absence of disease or infirmity.

What type of disease cannot be transmitted from one person to another?

Genetically inherited diseases (correct)

Vector-borne diseases

Infectious diseases

Zoonotic diseases

Which of the following is a mode of transmission for infectious diseases?

Environmental exposure

Genetic predisposition

Nutritional deficiency

Indirect contact (correct)

Which term refers to an organism that feeds on or in another living organism?

Parasite Signup and view all the answers

What best describes an ectoparasite?

An organism living outside the body of its host. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes non-communicable diseases (NCDs)?

They cannot be transmitted between individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of vector transmission?

A mosquito biting an infected individual and then biting another person. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about infectious diseases is accurate?

They can be caused by microorganisms, macroorganisms, and non-cellular pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary method by which Ebola is transmitted?

Indirect contact through contaminated objects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor that contributed to the Ebola epidemic in West Africa?

Poor public health infrastructure Signup and view all the answers

In the investigation method for microbial testing, what is the purpose of using a control agar plate?

To compare against contaminated samples Signup and view all the answers

Which portals of entry are common for infectious agents?

Mucous membranes and respiratory system Signup and view all the answers

What is a key precaution when conducting microbial testing?

Wear personal protective equipment (PPE) Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling procedure is NOT used in investigating the presence of microbes in water?

Incubating samples at -20 degrees Signup and view all the answers

What defines the 'chain of infection'?

The sequence of events leading from pathogen to susceptible host Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of direct contact transmission?

Shaking hands with an infected individual Signup and view all the answers

Which description best fits the method of indirect contact transmission?

Transmission occurring through contaminated surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a susceptible host in the context of infectious diseases?

To be more vulnerable due to certain traits Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of pathogens?

They can invade the body and reproduce only if conditions are favorable. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes virulence in pathogens?

The degree of damage a pathogen can cause its host. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes prion diseases from other infectious diseases?

They are caused by improperly folded proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is classified as a prion disease?

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pathogens are unable to reproduce independently?

Viruses Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature is common to all bacteria?

Cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method by which bacteria reproduce?

Binary fission Signup and view all the answers

What role do antibiotics play in infectious diseases?

They kill or inhibit bacterial growth. Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical characteristic of viruses?

They can have either DNA or RNA as their genetic material. Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the organisms that harbor and support pathogens?

Hosts Signup and view all the answers

What effect does bacterial infection have on the immune system?

It increases local blood flow and immune cell activity. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pathogen can infect a wide variety of hosts including animals, plants, and bacteria?

Viruses Signup and view all the answers

What is one typical symptom of prion diseases?

Dementia Signup and view all the answers

How are pathogens commonly transmitted from the environment to hosts?

Through vectors such as insects. Signup and view all the answers

What role do antibiotics play in treating bacterial infections?

They prevent bacteria from multiplying and kill them. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of fungal cell walls is different from plant cell walls?

Chitin Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method of transmission for tinea among individuals?

In communal showers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a pathogenic protozoa that causes malaria?

Plasmodium Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes macro-parasites from other parasites?

They can be seen with the naked eye. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of the life cycle of Plasmodium?

It requires both a mosquito and a human host. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can fungi cause in humans?

Thrush Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of protozoa forming dormant cysts?

To survive adverse conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily distinguishes endoparasites from ectoparasites?

Location on the host Signup and view all the answers

How does the immune system respond to fungal infections?

Using pattern recognition receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which is true regarding the antibiotic resistance of protozoan parasites?

They can develop resistance quickly. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fungi in the ecosystem?

Act as decomposers and nutrient recyclers Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes ectoparasites such as fleas and ticks?

They are external and typically have short-term associations. Signup and view all the answers

What is an epidemic?

A sudden increase in a disease within a specific area. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of biotrophic pathogens?

They live and feed on living tissue. Signup and view all the answers

Which plant pathogen group is responsible for producing toxins that compromise plant defenses?

Plant fungi Signup and view all the answers

How do vectors contribute to the spread of plant diseases?

By carrying pathogens on their bodies or as hosts. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of intensive livestock farming?

Enhanced spread of diseases among animals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of chlorosis in infected plants?

Inhibits photosynthesis by lacking chlorophyll. Signup and view all the answers

How does foot and mouth disease primarily spread among cattle?

Through direct contact with infected droplets. Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of adhesions in pathogens like Helicobacter pylori?

To attach to host cell surfaces. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the role of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in livestock production?

They can result from excessive antibiotic use. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases can be transmitted to humans from animals?

Anthrax Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of replication used by prokaryotic organisms?

Binary fission Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to low genetic diversity in plants grown for agriculture?

Selective breeding for desirable traits. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route through which the BSE prion can spread to humans?

Through the consumption of contaminated beef products. Signup and view all the answers

Which plant pathogen can cause wilting by blocking stomata?

Plant fungi Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of anthrax spores?

They can remain dormant and survive in soil. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way that bacteria adhere to host cells?

Using pili and fimbriae Signup and view all the answers

How do viruses typically invade host cells?

Through receptor-mediated endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the role of thermotolerant fungi?

They use heat shock proteins to survive in host environments. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a plant's physical defense against pathogens?

Resin production Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is NOT a method by which plants respond to a pathogen?

Endotoxin release Signup and view all the answers

What feature allows macroparasites such as hookworms to anchor to host tissue?

Buccal capsule teeth Signup and view all the answers

What benefit does leaf dropping provide to a plant in response to infection?

It isolates the infection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the plant's pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

To sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) Signup and view all the answers

What does the hypersensitive response (HR) lead to in infected plant cells?

Cell suicide (apoptosis) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an active defense mechanism in plants?

Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) Signup and view all the answers

How do ticks prevent host blood clotting during feeding?

By secreting anticoagulant molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants?

A whole-plant immune response. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the difficulty of establishing a fungal infection in a healthy plant?

Sturdy cell walls Signup and view all the answers

What role do immunomodulatory proteins play in macroparasite infections?

Suppressing the host immune response Signup and view all the answers

What traditional use does tea tree oil have among the Bundjalung Aboriginal peoples?

Applied as a paste to wounds Signup and view all the answers

How is Kakadu Plum primarily significant in traditional Aboriginal medicine?

Rich source of vitamin C Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plants is associated with healing properties for sores and cuts in Northern Territory tribes?

Emu Bush Signup and view all the answers

What significant compound was found in smokebush during the AIDS epidemic?

Conocurovone Signup and view all the answers

What issue arises from the patenting of traditional medicinal plants according to the concerns presented?

It can restrict Indigenous communities from using their resources Signup and view all the answers

Which traditional use is attributed to the Witchetty Grub by Central Australian tribes?

Used as a source of protein and skin treatment Signup and view all the answers

Why were Indigenous Australians overlooked in the patenting of smokebush?

Their contributions were not seen as valuable Signup and view all the answers

What condition did eucalyptus oil traditionally treat before its modern usage?

Muscle aches and fevers Signup and view all the answers

What role has traditional Indigenous knowledge played in the screening of smokebush by bioprospecting companies?

Informed selection for screenings Signup and view all the answers

What notable property do the leaves of Emu Bush have according to recent studies?

Antibiotic properties similar to pharmaceuticals Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is primarily mediated by B-cells?

Humoral immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of plasma cells in the immune response?

To secrete antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about memory cells is correct?

They circulate the body and respond to reinfection quickly. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T-cell directly destroys infected cells?

Killer T-cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when antibodies immobilize pathogens by forming clumps?

Agglutination Signup and view all the answers

In what way can Helper T-cells activate B-cells?

Through direct contact or by releasing cytokines Signup and view all the answers

Which component enhances the immune response by promoting inflammation and the activity of other immune cells?

Cytokines Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor that distinguishes active immunity from passive immunity?

Exposure to pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response occurs when a pathogen has entered host cells?

Cell-mediated response Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the clonal selection of B-cells?

Specific B-cells are activated based on antigen binding. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is typically offered through vaccination?

Active immunity Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the production of antibodies by plasma cells?

Cytokines from helper T-cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of suppressor T-cells in the immune system?

Inhibit the immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of immunizing a community?

To ensure herd immunity and prevent disease spread Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is part of the RICE strategy for controlling infectious diseases?

Coordinating efforts on a global scale Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of insecticides?

To kill insects Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern regarding the increased use of pesticides?

They can lead to resistance in pests Signup and view all the answers

What role does genetic engineering play in disease management?

It alters genetic makeup for disease resistance Signup and view all the answers

What happens when antivirals are administered during a viral infection?

They stop the replication of the virus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an antibiotic's action?

They can be bacteriostatic or bactericidal Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant negative outcome of antibiotic misuse?

Development of drug-resistant bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of DDT raises environmental concerns?

It has long-lasting toxic effects Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes passive acquired immunity from other types?

It involves antibodies from another organism Signup and view all the answers

How does proper use of antibiotics contribute to public health?

By minimizing the development of resistant bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable impact of the WHO's vaccination campaign?

Resulted in the eradication of smallpox Signup and view all the answers

What is one aim of public health campaigns?

To educate about factors affecting disease transmission Signup and view all the answers

What describes the nature of antivirals in managing viral infections?

They solely prevent symptoms without treating the virus Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant factor that can lead to the rapid spread of infectious diseases in a community?

Frequent public gatherings Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hygiene focuses on individual cleanliness to prevent disease transmission?

Personal Hygiene Signup and view all the answers

What role does vaccination play in disease prevention?

It boosts the natural immunity of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key procedure involved in animal quarantine?

Regular sickness exams during isolation Signup and view all the answers

Why is communication between countries essential for controlling the spread of infectious diseases?

It allows for coordinated quarantine measures. Signup and view all the answers

Which practice is crucial for preventing the spread of foodborne pathogens?

Thorough washing of hands before preparing food Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a global measure to prevent disease spread?

International travel bans during outbreaks Signup and view all the answers

What role does salicylic acid play in a plant's response to pathogens?

It stimulates the plant's defense against pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

How can climate influence the spread of certain infectious diseases like malaria?

Increased rainfall creates breeding grounds for vectors. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the first line of defense in the human immune system?

It involves physical and chemical barriers. Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of community hygiene that prevents disease spread?

Sewage and garbage disposal systems Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the inflammatory response in the second line of defense?

It increases blood flow and white blood cell activity. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the incubation period of a pathogen?

The organism may appear healthy yet be infectious. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of phagocytosis in the immune response?

To eliminate invading pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of public health campaigns in disease prevention?

To promote awareness and healthy practices. Signup and view all the answers

How do goblet cells contribute to the first line of defense?

They create a sticky layer of mucus to trap pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What type of transmission involves direct contact with contaminated objects?

Indirect contact transmission Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of histamine during an immune response?

Damage to tissues. Signup and view all the answers

How does genetic engineering contribute to preventing disease spread?

By altering vectors to reduce transmission. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sentinel animals in disease prevention?

They serve as early warning systems for outbreaks. Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is transmitted by a tick bite?

Lyme disease Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the immune system is primarily responsible for creating antibodies?

B lymphocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of lysozymes in the human body?

To break down cell membranes of bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment did Pasteur conduct to prove the role of microorganisms in fermentation?

Boiling and using swan-necked flasks Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the skin's slightly acidic nature?

It inhibits microbial growth. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first postulate of Koch's postulates?

Microorganism must be found in excess numbers in diseased organisms Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily involved in the process of phagocytosis?

Macrophages. Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Pasteur's experiment help to disprove?

The theory of spontaneous generation Signup and view all the answers

What is vector transmission primarily associated with?

Insects or animal bites Signup and view all the answers

What happens to pathogens that are contained within phagolysosomes?

They are killed and digested. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the earliest mathematical models used to demonstrate the benefits of vaccination against smallpox?

Bernouli Model Signup and view all the answers

Which approach did Koch use to confirm the cause of anthrax?

Inoculating healthy animals with infected blood Signup and view all the answers

Which barrier relies on physical structures to inhibit pathogen entry?

Mucous membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What did Pasteur develop to reduce the microbial load in food products?

Pasteurization processes Signup and view all the answers

What was a widely held belief regarding the cause of diseases like the Black Death and Cholera in historical contexts?

Bad air Signup and view all the answers

Which process enhances the movement of white blood cells to an infected area?

Blood vessel permeability increase. Signup and view all the answers

What strategy did Cleopatra employ to protect herself from mosquito bites?

Mosquito nets Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of apoptosis in immune response?

It eliminates surrounding pathogens by sealing them off. Signup and view all the answers

Koch's method for cultivating pure cultures involved which of the following?

Using solid gelatin on a flat surface Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a condition of Koch’s second postulate?

Microorganism should be found solely in diseased organisms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a cultural factor that influenced the spread of Ebola in Africa between 2013-2016?

Close family interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN)?

To detect and verify outbreaks and issue alerts Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the Germ Theory of Disease?

Specific microorganisms cause specific diseases Signup and view all the answers

What did John Snow famously use to track the spread of Cholera?

Mapping deaths Signup and view all the answers

What did Pasteur claim about microorganisms and infectious diseases?

Preventing their entry can reduce infections Signup and view all the answers

What impact did Pasteur's work have on surgery?

It resulted in antiseptic methods introduced by Lister Signup and view all the answers

What concept was introduced by Hippocrates regarding disease prediction?

Data collection and analysis Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of foodborne transmission of disease?

Spoiled milk due to microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Current disease prediction utilizes which of the following strategies?

Mathematical modeling and surveillance programs Signup and view all the answers

What role does traditional Chinese medicine often involve in disease control?

Acupuncture and herbal medicine Signup and view all the answers

How did Koch demonstrate that anthrax spores could cause disease without direct animal contact?

By culturing anthrax in an ox's eye Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a method for controlling disease in Australia?

National quarantine policies Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of bush medicine used by Aboriginal Australians?

Reliance on native plants and herbal practices Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the belief systems in certain cultures towards healthcare?

Local traditions heavily influence health practices Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of recognizing Indigenous cultural and intellectual property in medicine?

To ensure proper compensation for medical advancements Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the surveillance programs in current disease prediction?

Maintain control and predict outbreaks Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective during the Delay phase of Australia's pandemic response?

To prevent or slow entry of the virus into Australia Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant action taken during the Contain phase in Australia?

Closure of schools if students were at risk Signup and view all the answers

Which groups were highlighted as facing a greater risk of serious illness from swine flu?

Pregnant women and morbidly obese individuals Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'incidence' refer to in the context of infectious diseases?

The frequency of new cases over a specified period Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly contributes to the spread of dengue fever?

Human mobility Signup and view all the answers

Which region is estimated to bear around 70% of the global burden of dengue fever?

Asia-Pacific Signup and view all the answers

What was a major issue linked to media management during the swine flu outbreak?

Frequent comparisons to 1918 pandemic Signup and view all the answers

How is the prevalence of a disease differentiated from its incidence?

Prevalence includes all current and previous cases. Signup and view all the answers

Which approach was taken in the Protect phase of Australia's pandemic response?

A large-scale public vaccination campaign Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of dengue fever infections in South-East Asia?

Higher incidence in children compared to adults Signup and view all the answers

What measures were taken to screen arrivals at Australian airports during the pandemic?

Thermal imaging for flu symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What was the concept of mobility in relation to infectious diseases?

Human movement as carriers of pathogens Signup and view all the answers

In which phase were customs officers actively surveilling airplane cabins?

Delay phase Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Infectious Disease Transmission

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens, which can be microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa) or macroorganisms (parasites) or non-cellular (prions, viruses).
Pathogens need a suitable environment (reservoir) to multiply, virulence (the ability to cause disease), and a transmission mechanism.
Infectious diseases can be transmitted directly (physical contact, droplet spread), indirectly (airborne, contaminated objects, vectors), or by vectors (insects, animals).
Epidemics involve a sudden increase in disease occurrence in a region, while pandemics are widespread across continents.
Zoonotic diseases are spread between animals and humans.

Pathogen Classification

Prions are misfolded proteins that cause neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., BSE, CJD).
Viruses are non-cellular genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat. They replicate inside host cells.
Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotic organisms with a cell wall. They reproduce asexually by binary fission.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms, typically multicellular, that can reproduce sexually or asexually.
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms, often found in water or soil.
Macroparasites are visible parasites with complex life cycles, impacting both animals and plants.

Plant and Animal Responses to Pathogens

Plants lack an adaptive immune system. They have innate defenses like physical barriers (cuticle, thorns) and chemical defenses (resin).
The hypersensitive response (HR) is a localized defense mechanism that triggers programmed cell death (apoptosis) at the site of infection.
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a whole-plant response to infection, activating defenses in uninfected areas.
Plant pathogens include fungi (e.g., powdery mildew), bacteria (e.g., soft rot), viruses, and macro-parasites (insects, mites, other).
Animals have both innate (non-specific) and adaptive (specific) immune responses.
Innate responses include physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), chemical barriers (acids, enzymes), inflammation, and phagocytosis (engulfment by immune cells).

Human Immune System Responses

Adaptive immunity involves B cells (humoral immunity) and T cells (cell-mediated immunity).
B cells produce antibodies that bind to antigens, neutralizing pathogens or triggering their destruction.
Memory B cells provide long-term immunity.
T cells (killer, helper, suppressor) directly attack infected cells.
Memory T cells provide long-term immunity.

Disease Spread Control

Hygiene practices (personal and community) reduce pathogen transmission.
Quarantine isolates potentially infectious individuals or materials.
Vaccination programs induce active immunity to prevent disease.
Public health campaigns educate the population about disease prevention.
Pesticides (insecticides, fungicides) can control insect and fungal vectors.
Genetic engineering creates disease-resistant organisms.

Pharmaceutical Strategies

Antivirals inhibit viral replication.
Antibiotics kill or inhibit bacterial growth.
Antibiotic resistance is a major concern due to overuse.

Environmental Management and Quarantine

Surveillance programs monitor disease incidence and prevalence.
Quarantine measures restrict the movement of infected individuals or materials.
Community measures for sewage disposal and water treatment can minimize spread of infection.

Aboriginal Protocols and Medicine

Aboriginal Australians have rich traditional knowledge of medicinal plants and animals.
This knowledge is critical for biodiversity conservation and health maintenance, in rural and remote communities.

Data Analysis and Epidemiology

Incidence refers to new cases of disease; prevalence includes existing and new cases.
Mobility influences disease spread.
Epidemiology examines disease patterns in populations.

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Test your knowledge on health concepts and disease classifications with this engaging quiz. From understanding definitions to modes of transmission, explore the key components of infectious and non-communicable diseases.