Health and Depression Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of these options is the most comprehensive definition of health?

  • The absence of disease or infirmity.
  • A balanced diet and regular exercise.
  • A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. (correct)
  • The ability to perform daily activities without limitations.

    • Which of these factors is NOT considered a key aspect of health?

  • Social well-being
  • Physical well-being
  • Financial well-being (correct)
  • Mental well-being

    • How does the concept of health differ from the concept of wellness?

  • Health focuses on physical aspects, while wellness encompasses all aspects of life.
  • Health is a state, while wellness is a process.
  • There is no difference between health and wellness.
  • Health is a passive concept, while wellness is an active pursuit. (correct)

    • Which of these is an example of a factor that can negatively impact an individual's health?

    <p>Chronic stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider health as more than just the absence of disease?

    <p>Health involves overall well-being, not just the absence of illness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic group has the highest prevalence of depression, according to the provided content?

    <p>Adolescents reporting two or more races (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a common symptom of depression in adults?

    <p>Increased appetite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common risk factor for depression?

    <p>High levels of social support (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical timeframe for full therapeutic effects of antidepressant medications?

    <p>12 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of antidepressant medication listed in the content?

    <p>Benzodiazepines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended course of action when a patient is not responding to their current treatment for depression?

    <p>Explore alternative treatment options, such as psychotherapy or ECT. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended diagnostic tool for depression in primary care settings?

    <p>Beck Depression Inventory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the physical exam for a patient presenting with depressive symptoms?

    <p>Rule out any underlying physical conditions that could be contributing to the depression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a supportive treatment for depression listed in the content?

    <p>Nutritional counseling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern after starting a patient on antidepressant medication?

    <p>Potential for increased suicidal risk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between major depressive disorder (MDD) and persistent depressive disorder (PDD)?

    <p>PDD has a longer duration than MDD. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of major depressive disorder?

    <p>Increased energy levels (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the WHO, by 2020, depression is expected to be the leading cause of overall disease burden across the globe. What does this mean?

    <p>Depression will have the greatest impact on global health and well-being. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain regions are implicated in the pathophysiology of depression?

    <p>Amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between genetics and depression?

    <p>Genetics increase the susceptibility to depression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitters are associated with depression?

    <p>Serotonin and norepinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following demographics has the highest prevalence of depression in the United States?

    <p>Individuals aged 18-25 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common treatment approach for depression?

    <p>Homeopathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term "psychomotor retardation" refer to in the context of depression?

    <p>Slowed movements and speech. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Definition of Health

    Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

    Physical Well-being

    A component of health that refers to the condition of the body.

    Mental Well-being

    A component of health that involves emotional and psychological stability.

    Social Well-being

    A component of health relating to relationships and social structures.

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    Holistic Health Approach

    An approach that considers the whole person: body, mind, and environment.

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    Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

    A serious illness causing sadness, loss of interest, and emotional/physical difficulties for at least two weeks.

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    Symptoms of MDD

    Five or more symptoms needed: depressed mood, loss of interest, insomnia, appetite change, low energy.

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    Familial Association in Depression

    Depression is 1.5 to 3 times more likely in first-degree relatives.

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    Neurotransmitters in Depression

    Reduced norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin levels are related to depressive symptoms.

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    Dysregulation of Stress Response

    Increased amygdala blood flow and dysfunction in stress response linked to depression.

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    Persistent Depressive Disorder

    Depressed mood for at least two years with two other symptoms like low energy or poor self-esteem.

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    Prevalence in Adults

    16.2 million adults (6.7%) in the U.S. had one major depressive episode in a year.

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    Adolescent Depression Statistics

    3.1 million adolescents (12.8%) have had a major depressive episode; higher in females (19.4%).

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    Global Disease Burden

    By 2020, depression was expected to be the leading cause of overall disease burden worldwide.

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    Prevalence of Depression

    Highest among adolescents reporting two or more races (13.8%).

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    Risk Factors for Depression

    Includes personal/family history, trauma, stress, loneliness.

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    Common Clinical Presentations

    Sadness, hopelessness, irritability, and somatic concerns.

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    Loss of Interest

    Decreased pleasure in enjoyable activities; social withdrawal.

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    Physical Examination for Depression

    Focus on stressors, sleep, nutrition, and activity levels.

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    Diagnostic Tools for Depression

    Includes PHQ-9, Hamilton Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory.

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    Antidepressant Classes

    SSRIs, SNRIs, atypical antidepressants, and MAOIs.

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    Therapeutic Timeline

    Full effect of antidepressants may take 12 weeks.

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    Suicidal Risk Assessment

    Important to assess after starting antidepressants.

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    Supportive Treatments

    Includes relaxation techniques, exercise, and psychotherapy.

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    Study Notes

    Defining Health

    • The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

    Depressive Disorders

    • Depression is a common and serious medical illness affecting feelings, thoughts, and actions.
    • It can cause sadness, a loss of interest in enjoyable activities, and lead to emotional and physical difficulties at home and work.
    • There's a strong familial association, with first-degree relatives 1.5 to 3 times more likely to experience depression.

    Pathophysiology of Depression

    • Depression is associated with low serotonin levels.
    • In some cases, reduced norepinephrine and dopamine levels are implicated in the symptoms.
    • Increased blood flow in the amygdala and dysfunction in limbic prefrontal cortex communication are also linked.
    • Dysregulation of the stress response in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal axis can lead to increased cortisol levels with slow recovery from stimuli.

    Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

    • MDD involves at least one major depressive episode lasting at least two weeks.
    • Symptoms typically include five or more of these: depressed mood, loss of interest, insomnia or hypersomnia, change in appetite or weight, psychomotor retardation or agitation, low energy, poor concentration, thoughts of worthlessness, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

    Persistent Depressive Disorder

    • Persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymia) is characterized by depressed mood for at least two years, accompanied by at least two of the following symptoms: decreased or increased appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy, poor self-esteem, poor concentration, and hopelessness.

    Epidemiology of Depression

    • Globally, depression is projected to be a leading cause of overall disease burden by 2020.
    • In the US:
      • Adults: 16.2 million (6.7%) adults experience a major depressive episode; prevalence higher in females (8.5%) compared to males (4.8%); highest prevalence among 18-25 year olds (10.9%); and adults reporting two or more races (10.5%).
      • Adolescents: 3.1 million (12.8%) adolescents ages 12-17 have experienced a major depressive episode; prevalence higher in females (19.4%). compared to males (6.4%). Highest prevalence among adolescents reporting two or more races (13.8%).

    Risk Factors of Depression

    • Personal or family history of depression
    • Major life changes
    • Trauma
    • Stress
    • Illness
    • Bereavement
    • Perceived social support
    • Personality disorders
    • Loneliness

    Clinical Presentation of Depression

    • Initial treatment often sought from PCP focusing on vague somatic concerns.
    • Irritability, sadness, hopelessness, and somatic concerns are common among patients.
    • Loss of interest, social withdrawal, decreased appetite and insomnia are often noted but may be missed during patient interviews.
    • Preoccupation, guilt, difficulty concentrating and decision-making, and mild memory impairment are common in individuals experiencing depression.
    • Thoughts of death vary, sometimes to suicidal ideation.

    Physical Exam/ Diagnostics of Depression

    • No specific physical exam is needed to diagnose depression.
    • Careful interview is critical to assess stressors, sleep patterns, nutrition, and physical activity.
    • Tools to diagnose depression include the Hamilton Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Geriatric Depression Scale, PRIME-MD, PHQ-9, and BRFSS.

    Pharmacological Treatments for Depression

    • Antidepressants classes: SSRIs, SNRIs, atypical antidepressants, serotonin modulators, tricyclic antidepressants, and MAOIs.
    • Note: these may take 12 weeks to reach full therapeutic effectiveness.
    • Suicidal risk must be assessed after starting medication.

    Supportive Treatments for Depression

    • Relaxation techniques, exercise, psychotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (or transcranial magnetic stimulation, TMS).

    Referral/ Follow-up for Depression

    • Emergent (ER): high risk of self-harm
    • Urgent: concern for other psychiatric disorders, difficulty responding to treatment, or complications with treatment.
    • Routine: appropriate treatment and/or complications of the treatment process are not present.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the comprehensive definitions of health and the factors influencing mental health, particularly depression. This quiz covers aspects of health, wellness, and common treatments for depression, ensuring a well-rounded understanding of these critical topics.

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