Head, Neck, TMJ Anatomy & Conditions

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Questions and Answers

Which suture connects the parietal bone and the occipital bone?

  • Lambdoid Suture (correct)
  • Coronal Suture
  • Squamosal Suture
  • Sagittal Suture

Which of the following is NOT a cranial bone?

  • Maxilla (correct)
  • Sphenoid
  • Ethmoid
  • Occipital

What is the name of the point where the coronal and sagittal sutures intersect?

  • Pterion
  • Inion
  • Bregma (correct)
  • Lambda

What is the name of the thinnest portion of the lateral skull where the middle meningeal artery lies?

<p>Pterion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a layer of the scalp?

<p>Periosteum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the 'Dangerous Layer' of the scalp?

<p>Loose Alveolar Tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is most difficult to visualize in imaging?

<p>Sphenoid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the landmark for the head circumference measurement?

<p>Inion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for the action of 'pulling the eyebrows together'?

<p>Corrugator Supercilli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the action of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris muscle?

<p>CN III (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the Risorius muscle?

<p>Grimace, 'fake smile' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for the 'sneering' action?

<p>Levator Anguli Oris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the Superior Oblique muscle and its associated cranial nerve?

<p>Superior Oblique muscle is controlled by CN IV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If CN VI is weak, which condition is likely to be present?

<p>Medial Strabismus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for closing the lips?

<p>Orbicularis Oris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in facial expression?

<p>Mueller’s Muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for mouth closing and protrusion?

<p>Internal pterygoid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the external pterygoid muscle?

<p>Mouth opening (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a patient has limitation of mouth opening (LOM) towards the right, which muscle should be stretched?

<p>Right medial pterygoid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by pain upon mouth opening and limitation in mouth opening?

<p>TMJ Capsulitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes TMJ Synovitis from TMJ Capsulitis?

<p>Presence of swelling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is innervated by CN XII and is responsible for tongue protrusion?

<p>Genioglossus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of TMJ hypermobility, what happens to the range of motion (ROM)?

<p>Excessive mouth opening (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which direction is the most common for TMJ dislocation?

<p>Anterior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily defines the boundaries of the Submental Triangle?

<p>Anterior neck line (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which triangle is bounded by the posterior belly of digastric and the superior fibers of omohyoid?

<p>Carotid Triangle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal mouth opening in millimeters for healthy individuals?

<p>35-55 mm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During mandibular depression, at what point does anterior translation occur?

<p>First 26 mm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for mouth closing?

<p>Temporalis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected range for lateral deviation (mandibular excursion)?

<p>10-15 mm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What joint type is concerned with the articulation between the mandibular condyle and fossa?

<p>Ginglymoarthroidal Joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movement occurs during bilateral mandibular protrusion?

<p>Bilateral anterior translation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

<p>Cranial Nerve XI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes C1, the Atlas, from other cervical vertebrae?

<p>No body and no spinous process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which foramen is associated with structural components VII and VIII?

<p>Internal Auditory Meatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle performs ipsilateral flexion and is innervated by Cranial Nerve V?

<p>Mylohyoid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the scalene muscles?

<p>Ipsilateral flexion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the Atlantoaxial joint is true?

<p>It serves as a pivot point for head rotation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fracture is associated with hyperextension of the upper cervical spine?

<p>Hangman fracture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone does not articulate with any other bone in the human body?

<p>Hyoid bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Glabella

Skin area located between the eyebrows.

Occipitofrontalis

Muscle that elevates the eyebrows, seen when surprised.

Zygomaticus Major

Primary muscle responsible for smiling.

Orbicularis Oris

Muscle responsible for closing the lips, used in kissing.

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Levator Palpebrae Superioris

Main muscle for opening the eye, controlled by CN III.

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Orbicularis Oculi

Muscle that closes the eye, innervated by CN VII.

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Inferior Rectus

Eye muscle that moves the eyeball downward and outward.

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CN Exit Points

Specific points where cranial nerves exit the skull.

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Scalp

Soft tissue covering and protecting the cranial vault.

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Aponeurosis

Sheath-like structure connecting Occipitalis and Frontalis muscles.

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Cranial bones

There are 8 cranial bones protecting the brain.

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Facial bones

14 bones forming the structure of the face.

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Coronal Suture

Suture connecting the frontal and parietal bones.

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Anterior Fontanelle

Soft spot that closes between 18-24 months.

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Inion

Eminence at the back of the skull, aka external occipital protuberance.

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Pterion

Thinnest portion of the lateral skull, over the middle meningeal artery.

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Superior Orbital Fissure

An opening that allows cranial nerves III, IV, V, and VI to pass into the orbit.

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Foramen Rotundum

A hole in the skull that transmits the maxillary nerve (V2).

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Atlas (C1)

The first cervical vertebra, which supports the skull and has no body or spinous process.

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Axis (C2)

The second cervical vertebra characterized by the dens (odontoid process) and allows axial rotation.

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Vertebral Prominens (C7)

The seventh cervical vertebra with a long, non-bifid spinous process.

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Atlantooccipital Joint

The joint between the atlas (C1) and the occipital bone allowing nodding movements of the head.

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Suprahyoid Muscles

Muscles attached above the hyoid bone, involved in swallowing and speech.

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Scalene Muscles

Muscles that facilitate neck flexion and lateral bending; innervated by cervical nerves.

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Internal Pterygoid

Muscle responsible for mouth closing and protrusion.

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Masseter

Muscle primarily involved in mouth closing and protrusion.

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External Pterygoid

Muscle involved in mouth opening and mandible protrusion.

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TMJ Disc Displacement

Causes clicking sounds on mouth opening, indicating internal derangement.

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TMJ Capsulitis

Characterized by pain and limitation in mouth opening and contralateral deviation.

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TMJ Synovitis

Inflammation causing pain, swelling, and limits in mouth opening and deviation.

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TMJ Hypomobility

Condition where there is a limitation of mouth opening and contralateral deviation.

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TMJ Hypermobility

Excessive movement in mouth opening and contralateral deviation.

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Submental Triangle

A triangular area in the anterior neck formed by the digastric muscle and the hyoid bone.

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Submandibular Triangle

An area bordered by the mandible and the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric muscle.

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Carotid Triangle

A triangle in the neck that includes the carotid artery, bordered by the digastric and omohyoid muscles.

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Occipital Triangle

A triangular area in the posterior neck formed by the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and omohyoid muscles.

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Mandibular Depression

Opening of the mouth, involving bilateral rotation and translation of the mandible.

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Mandibular Elevation

Closing the mouth, involves bilateral posterior translation and rotation of the mandible.

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Lateral Deviation

The movement of the mandible to one side, involving rotation and translation.

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Capsular Pattern

A specific pattern of limitation in joint movement, notably in the mouth's opening.

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Study Notes

Head, Neck, TMJ Anatomy & Conditions

  • Scalp: Soft tissue covering and protecting the cranial vault

    • Skin: outermost layer, with sebaceous glands and hair follicles
    • Connective tissue: contains major arteries and veins
    • Aponeurosis: a sheath connecting occipitalis and frontalis muscles
    • Loose areolar tissue (Dangerous Layer): contains numerous blood vessels and emissary veins; vulnerable to injury
    • Periosteum: innermost layer, providing nutrition to the scalp and outermost layer of the skull

  • Skull Bones: 22 bones in total, 8 cranial bones

    • Parietal: 2
    • Temporal: 2
    • Frontal: 1
    • Occipital: 1
    • Ethmoid: 1 (difficult to visualize in imaging)
    • Sphenoid: 1 (most difficult to visualize in imaging)

  • Facial Bones: 14 bones

    • Nasal: 2
    • Inferior Nasal Conchae: 2
    • Lacrimal: 2
    • Palatine: 2
    • Zygomatic: 2
    • Vomer: 1
    • Maxilla: 2
    • Mandible: 2

  • Sutures: Synarthrodial joints connecting cranial bones

    • Metopic
    • Coronal
    • Sagittal
    • Lambdoid
    • Squamosal

  • Fontanelles: Membranous spaces in the fetal skull, eventually ossifying.

    • Anterior fontanelle: closes between 18-24 months; located at the bregma where coronal and sagittal sutures meet
    • Posterior fontanelle: closes between 9-12 months; located at the lambda where sagittal and lamboid sutures meet

  • Landmarks of the Skull: Important anatomical features

    • NaNaPPIG: Nasion, Nasolabial folds, Philtrum, Pterion, Inion, Glabella

  • Facial Muscles: Muscles for facial expressions

    • Occipitofrontalis: Elevates eyebrows
    • Corrugator Supercilii: Frowns
    • Procerus: Wrinkles bridge of nose
    • Zygomaticus Major/Minor: Smiling
    • Risorius: Grimace
    • Orbicularis Oris: Closes lips
    • Buccinator: Blowing, sucking, whistling
    • Levator Anguli Oris: Elevates angle of mouth
    • Mentalis: Doubling

  • Eye Muscles: Muscles for eye movement

    • Levator Palpebrae Superioris: Raises eyelid
    • Mueller's muscle: contributes to eyelid elevation
    • Orbicularis Oculi: Closes eyes

  • Extraocular Muscles: 6 muscles controlling eye movement

    • Superior, Inferior, Lateral, and Medial Recti
    • Superior, and Inferior Obliques
    • CNs associated with eye muscles

  • Muscles of the neck:

  • Cervical Vertebrae: Structures of the cervical spine

    • Small body (C1- Atlas); no body; unique features
    • No body; (C2 - Axis); dens/odontoid process
    • C7: Vertebral prominens
    • Specific cervical pathologies
    • Special landmarks (C3-C6)

  • Suprahyoid Muscles: Muscles above the hyoid bone

  • Infrahyoid Muscles: Muscles below the hyoid bone

  • Anterior and Posterior Triangles of the neck (Triangles) - boundaries

  • Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ): Articulation between the mandible and skull

    • Modified hinge joint: ginglymoarthrodial -Superior JT:translation, Inferior JT: rotation
    • Arthrokinematics: Movements of the TMJ -Muscles of mastication

  • TMJ Conditions: TMJ disorders

    • Disc dislocation
    • Displacement
    • Synovitis
    • Hypomobility
    • Hypermobility

  • Tongue Muscles: Muscles controlling tongue movement

  • Innervation: Cranial nerves involved in the control

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