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HCI Fundamentals
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HCI Fundamentals

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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of human-computer interaction (HCI)?

  • Design, evaluation, and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use (correct)
  • Understanding technical functionality of software products
  • Studying major phenomena surrounding architecture and product design
  • Creating embedded software and operating system code

    • What does a user-centered design process provide in creating software products?

  • Vague and unscientific terms to describe software usability
  • Professional resource to create software with functionality that users need (correct)
  • Technical grasp of materials for architecture and product design
  • Guaranteed formula for creating successful products

    • What is emphasized as crucial for the success of work in architecture or product design?

  • Vague and unscientific terms to describe software usability
  • Guaranteed formula for creating successful products
  • Creative application of technical knowledge (correct)
  • Thorough understanding of HCI principles

    • What is the golden principle in HCI?

    <p>People should come first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)?

    <p>Understanding user's needs and potential solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of User-Centered Development?

    <p>Involving real users at each step of the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Gulf of Execution related to?

    <p>Issues with performing actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of human factors at the macro-level?

    <p>Larger systems and how tasks are structured within them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is human factors increasingly important in today's context?

    <p>Societal emphasis on well-being and quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the goals of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)?

    <p>Improving the safety, utility, effectiveness, efficiency, and usability of computer systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of usability in user-interface design?

    <p>It can lead to system rejection and user dissatisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are users classified in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)?

    <p>According to their experience, educational level, age, and amount of prior training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of minimal encouragers in an interview?

    <p>To encourage the interviewee to elaborate with brief verbal cues and body language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of closed questions in an interview?

    <p>Clarify understanding and confirm facts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Norman's seven stages of user activity model?

    <p>A model for understanding and designing user activities in a digital system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The availability of technical functionality guarantees that software will be practically usable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: HCI is a guaranteed formula for creating a successful software product.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Architects and product designers rely solely on their technical knowledge to create successful work.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Usability is only about making interfaces look pretty.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Classifying users in HCI includes categorizing them based on their job responsibilities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conducting an ethnographic interview involves observing users in their workplace for 15-30 minutes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Active listening is not an effective interviewing technique for gathering information.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    FDA medical device reports indicate over 15,000 annually related to user errors, many contributing to patient or user deaths.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The digital divide primarily affects younger adults and affluent individuals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Human factors focuses only on the micro-level of interaction between people and products or equipment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Gulf of Evaluation pertains to difficulties in interpreting system feedback, such as distinguishing between sponsored links and other results on a page.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The primary goal of human factors is to design systems and system components without considering the capabilities and limitations of humans who use them.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Usability was born out of the need to prevent 'friendly fire' during the Second World War.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HCI is composed of four parts: the human factor (users), the computer, the interaction between them, and the context of use.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Traditional system development focuses on producing software, while considering the interface as the most important software component.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the difference between Gulf of Execution and Gulf of Evaluation in the context of interacting with a system.

    <p>The Gulf of Execution refers to the gap between the user's goals and the state of the system, while the Gulf of Evaluation pertains to the gap between the observed and expected system state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the sources of usability evidence discussed in the text?

    <p>The sources of usability evidence include basic observation, expert review/usability inspection, end-user observation, testing situation, video capture &amp; review, and formal coding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of human factors at the macro-level?

    <p>The primary focus of human factors at the macro-level is to examine larger systems and how tasks are structured within them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is human factors increasingly important in today's context?

    <p>Human factors is increasingly important due to the diversity of user groups, the complexity of systems, increased use of technology, increased 'costs' of human error, and societal emphasis on well-being and quality of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Norman's seven stages of user activity model?

    <p>The main purpose of Norman's seven stages of user activity model is to outline the steps involved in any interaction with a system, starting with setting a goal, specifying an action, and interacting with the system, followed by system responses and user interpretation to determine whether to continue or make changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the focus and goals of human factors as discussed in the text.

    <p>The focus of human factors is on human beings and their interactions with products/equipment, tasks, and environments at the micro, macro, and ambient levels. The goal is to design systems and system components to match the capabilities and limitations of humans who use them, and to optimize working and living conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the next class, as mentioned in the text, aim to explore?

    <p>The next class will explore examples of good and poor design.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of closed questions in an interview?

    <p>The main focus of closed questions in an interview is to gather specific and limited information, usually requiring a short factual answer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the differences between Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Human Factors (HF) as discussed in the text?

    <p>The differences include the histories, journals, academic and professional societies, with HCI focused on computing and innovative design, and HF focused on any system with greater emphasis on work/workplace and on devices. Additionally, patient safety is a core issue in HF.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of human factors, what does the macro-level focus on?

    <p>In the context of human factors, the macro-level focuses on larger systems and how tasks are structured within them, including the organization of work, workflow, and overall efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following usability evidence sources with their descriptions:

    <p>Basic Observation = Observing others using a system Expert review/usability inspection = Usability evaluation by experts End-user observation = Observing end-users interacting with a system Video capture &amp; review = Recording and reviewing user interactions during usability testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Gulf of Execution = Gap between user's goals &amp; state of system Gulf of Evaluation = Gap between observed &amp; expected system state Micro-level in human factors = Focus on small-scale interactions between a person and products/equipment Macro-level in human factors = Focus on larger systems and how tasks are structured within them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with their corresponding topics discussed in the text:

    <p>Patient safety and potential errors caused by medical devices = Summary of class discussion Digital divide and unequal access to computer resources in healthcare = Summary of class discussion Iterative design and user-centered design for improving patient safety = Conclusion of Usability and Human Factors section Norman's seven stages of user interactivity and 'gulf of execution' and 'gulf of evaluation' = Topics covered in the class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following reasons for the increasing importance of human factors with their explanations:

    <p>Diversity of user groups = Increased variety of users interacting with systems Complexity of systems = Systems becoming more intricate and interconnected Increased use of technology = Rising reliance on technological systems Increased 'costs' of human error = Higher impact and consequences of human mistakes in technological contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following levels of human factors focus with their descriptions:

    <p>Micro-level = Details of interaction between people and products/equipment Macro-level = Structure and organization of tasks within larger systems Ambient level = Overall environment in which people interact with products and systems Goal of human factors focus = Designing systems to match capabilities and limitations of humans who use them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Consumer products:Usage patterns are influenced by lifestyle factors such as age, gender, and occupation.

    • Active listening: An effective interviewing technique for gathering information.

    • Open body language: Facilitates a more engaging and attentive interview.

    • Minimal encouragers: Encourage the interviewee to elaborate with brief verbal cues and body language.

    • Open-ended questions: Encourage detailed responses and elaboration on specific topics.

    • Closed questions: Clarify understanding and confirm facts.

    • Business interview flow: Introduction, why we're there, background, tasks, goals, follow up, and wrap-up.

    • Medical errors: A significant cause of death in the US, with an estimated 98,000 preventable deaths annually.

    • Institute of Medicine Report: "To Err is Human" identified 98,000 preventable deaths due to human error in healthcare.

    • FDA medical device reports: Over 25,000 annually related to user errors, many contributing to patient or user deaths.

    • Glucose monitors: Commonly used by people with diabetes but can have usability issues, especially for older patients.

    • Digital divide: Socioeconomic and demographic divisions between computer users and nonusers, particularly affecting older adults, less affluent, Hispanics and African Americans, rural populations, and less educated individuals.

    • Telemedicine device: A touch screen interface designed for patients with diabetes, making it more user-friendly for older adults and computer newcomers.

    • Design process: An iterative process that involves needs analysis, generating alternatives, using representations, interaction design, and user-centered design.

    • Norman's seven stages of user activity: A model for understanding and designing user activities in a digital system.

    • Human-computer interaction (HCI) is a discipline that focuses on designing, evaluating, and implementing interactive systems for human use.

    • HCI is concerned with the interaction between people (users) and computers.

    • HCI is composed of three parts: the human factor (users), the computer, and the interaction between them.

    • HCI aims to put people first, ensuring computer systems are easy to use, easy to learn, and error-free.

    • Approaches to HCI study vary, requiring a wide range of academic styles.

    • HCI experts need to be both creative and practical, placing design at the center of the field.

    • There are two main approaches to HCI: traditional and user-centered.

    • Traditional system development focuses on producing software, while considering the interface as just another software component.

    • User-centered design involves users at each step of the process, from requirement specification to implementation and evaluation.

    • User-centered development involves data collection, analysis, prototyping, design, and evaluation.

    • User-centered design advantages include user involvement, error detection, and quicker feedback.

    • User-centered design goals include understanding users and systems, limitations, and design acceptability.

    • HCI is important for various reasons, including preventing accidents, reducing the cost of training and support, and increasing sales.

    • Software development projects often fail due to reasons such as lack of senior management commitment, user involvement, user requirements specifications, poor project planning, and team problems.

    • Usability was born out of the need to prevent "friendly fire" during the Second World War.

    • HCI focuses on studying human factors and understanding user needs to create effective and efficient interactive systems.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) fundamentals with this quiz. Explore the key principles and goals of HCI, including understanding users, tasks, and environments, designing prototypes, and evaluating systems.

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