Hazard Control and Design
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a Falling Object Protection System (FOPS)?

  • To distribute the load evenly among the sling
  • To prevent objects from penetrating into the operator compartment (correct)
  • To provide a clear view of the load for the operator
  • To measure the load and provide an overload warning signal

    • What type of device combines boom angle and load to provide the operator with safety information?

  • Load-indicating device
  • Boom radius indicator
  • Boom angle indicator
  • Load-moment indicator (correct)

    • What type of hitch carries a load of 1,000 pounds, with the entire load carried by a single vertical element?

  • Load-moment hitch
  • Boom hitch
  • Choker hitch (correct)
  • Basket hitch

    • What is hazard control primarily concerned with?

    <p>Eliminating or reducing the risk resulting from a hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between planning and design?

    <p>Design is an extension of planning with more specific information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of motor vehicle deaths occur between 10:00 p.m. and 4:00 a.m.?

    <p>37%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame to conduct an alcohol test after an accident?

    <p>Within 8 hrs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inspectors are required to maintain and inspect elevators, escalators, and manlifts?

    <p>Licensed elevator inspectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a design error that can introduce a hazard?

    <p>Failing to convert square inches to square feet in a load calculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What safety feature is typically included in design standards for elevators?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a slip meter?

    <p>To determine the friction coefficient of a surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can inadequate assumptions introduce hazards?

    <p>By assuming a static load when it is actually dynamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a higher center of gravity indicative of?

    <p>A higher potential for rollover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are access doors equipped with detector switches?

    <p>To prevent the door from closing on someone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a hazard that can result from production and distribution activities?

    <p>Replacing one chemical with another that has toxic or flammable properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a hazard that can result from insufficient maintenance and repair?

    <p>Failing to tighten a bolt properly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a direct cause of an accident?

    <p>Energy sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical safety feature that must be included in elevators?

    <p>Means of egress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a Wheatstone bridge work?

    <p>By catalytically burning contaminants, increasing temperature and reducing current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of effective communication that can help prevent hazards?

    <p>Feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important property of materials?

    <p>Strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can poor communication or failures in communication lead to?

    <p>Hazards and accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula that relates force, area, and stress?

    <p>F = SA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the safety factor of a material?

    <p>The ratio of a failure-producing load to the maximum safe stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of thermally insulated tank cars in railroads?

    <p>To prevent heat buildup and explosions from fires in adjacent cars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used in accident reconstruction?

    <p>S = V2/30 μ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major hazard in aviation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of sensors in railroads?

    <p>To detect the speed of a train and activate gates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in designing emergency exiting systems for aircraft?

    <p>Designing for as many as 450 passengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of flight and maintenance logs in aviation?

    <p>To ensure that equipment is in good condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of some modern aircraft?

    <p>The capability for automated landing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a safety feature of ladders in railroads?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern related to pipelines during construction?

    <p>Fire and explosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of controls in the transportation of hazardous materials?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Explosive A and Explosive B?

    <p>Explosive A detonates while Explosive B combusts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of pipe labeling in pipelines?

    <p>To prevent errors in contents and what each component does</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Transportation Safety Act of 1974?

    <p>To regulate the transportation of hazardous materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main hazard related to the transportation of fuels and flammables?

    <p>Leakage and explosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of training in the transportation of hazardous materials?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between hazardous materials and regular materials?

    <p>Hazardous materials pose a risk to human health and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for an inductor's ability to store magnetic energy?

    <p>Henries (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what level of electrical current can ventricular fibrillation occur, leading to death?

    <p>75 mA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of burn is caused by high-amperage electrical current, not necessarily requiring direct contact with the electrical source?

    <p>Arc burn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of electrical fires?

    <p>Defective or misused electrical equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fire extinguisher should be used to put out electrical fires?

    <p>Class C fire extinguisher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur when arcing takes place in the presence of an atmosphere containing combustible dust or flammable vapors?

    <p>Explosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature reached by flash arcing in electrical explosions?

    <p>35,000°F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of death in electrical shock cases where the current passes through the heart?

    <p>Ventricular fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the total resistance in a parallel circuit?

    <p>1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3..+1/Rn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for capacitance in a circuit?

    <p>Farads (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Non-sparking Ex n?

    <p>To prevent the ignition of explosive atmospheres in electrical equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a Hazardous Location I?

    <p>Presence of flammable gases or vapors in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an oscillator in an electronic circuit?

    <p>To produce high-frequency alternating currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a rubber pad used by electrical distribution line workers?

    <p>To insulate the worker from other conductors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate power in a DC circuit?

    <p>P = VI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase angle in AC power circuits?

    <p>The angle between the voltage and current waveforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of improper use of defective or damaged cords?

    <p>Shocks, burns, and fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the total capacitance in a series circuit?

    <p>1/Ct = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3..+1/Cn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected before each use to prevent electrical hazards?

    <p>All cords and wires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a thermocouple in a circuit?

    <p>To measure temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be removed from service immediately?

    <p>Cords that have been modified or damaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate power in an AC circuit?

    <p>P = V² CosΦ / R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mechanical hazard occurs when objects move towards each other, crushing or shearing whatever comes between them?

    <p>Pinch point hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum distance required from a floor or walking surface to mechanical power transmission apparatus in many standards?

    <p>7 or 8 ft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of guard shuts off or disengages power and prevents machine start-up when the guard is open?

    <p>Interlocked Guard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of fixed guards?

    <p>They are not practical for changing production runs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fasteners in constructing and attaching guards?

    <p>To prevent unauthorized removal of guards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of interlocked guards?

    <p>They cannot be used for manual feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of allowing for inching of the machine in interlocked guards?

    <p>To allow for minor servicing work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern related to machine adjustment and repair?

    <p>Protecting maintenance personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why procedures are the lowest control on the priority list?

    <p>They are dependent on human behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are multiple means of control used in hazard control?

    <p>To cater to different types of people, such as those with visual or auditory impairments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the Goal Accomplishment Model?

    <p>The interaction between people, machines, and environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the Four Ms (Man, Media, Machine, and Management) and the MEEP model?

    <p>The Four Ms focus on material, environment, equipment, and people, while MEEP focuses on man, media, machine, and management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of housecleaning and housekeeping?

    <p>To maintain the cleanliness and organization of the workplace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider multiple elements in hazard control?

    <p>Because many elements are involved in incidents, including people, machines, environments, and materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common problem that can occur when multiple warnings are present at the same time?

    <p>Operators may experience sensory and decision-making overload.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key limitation of relying solely on human behavior to recognize hazards and take corrective action?

    <p>It is not reliable, as humans can make mistakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where should flexible cords not be used?

    <p>Where frequent inspection would be difficult or where damage would be likely to occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of grounding?

    <p>To prevent electrical shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a fuse?

    <p>To cut off power to a circuit when the current exceeds a certain value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bonding?

    <p>To eliminate the potential difference between conductors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of circuit breaker is affected by environmental temperature?

    <p>Thermal type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with fuses?

    <p>They can be too slow to protect people from electrical shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are flexible cords not allowed to be run?

    <p>Through holes in walls, ceilings, floors, doorways, windows, or similar openings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What category of flammable liquids requires bonding and grounding?

    <p>Category 3, with a flash point below 100°F/37°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a process hazard analysis?

    <p>To identify and control the hazards involved in the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common methodology used in process hazard analysis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of management oversight and risk tree (MORT) analysis?

    <p>Minimizing risk through management processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a 'what-if' analysis?

    <p>To evaluate hypothetical situations in a process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common output of a fault tree analysis?

    <p>A diagram showing the roots of a catastrophic event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of a hazard evaluation in a process?

    <p>Identifying and controlling hazards in the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problem with relying solely on warnings to alert people to hazards?

    <p>Warnings may be confusing if multiple are present at once.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an initial process hazard analysis?

    <p>To identify, evaluate, and control hazards in the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to use multiple means of control in hazard control?

    <p>Because one means may not be sufficient for all individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common aspect of various methodologies used in process hazard analysis?

    <p>They are all systematic approaches to evaluating specific failures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Four Ms model?

    <p>Man, media, machine, and management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Goal Accomplishment model?

    <p>To describe the interactions between people, activities, equipment, and environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of housekeeping?

    <p>Cleaning and organizing the workplace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of substance is known to be so toxic to humans that it poses a hazard to health during transportation?

    <p>Poison B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of an etiologic agent?

    <p>It is a viable microorganism or its toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why procedures are the lowest control on the priority list?

    <p>They depend totally on human behavior to recognize hazards and take corrective action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of material spontaneously emits ionizing radiation?

    <p>Radioactive material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using multiple means of control in hazard control?

    <p>It can help to reduce the risk of hazards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of substance gives off dangerous or intensely irritating fumes when exposed to air or fire?

    <p>Irritating material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of hazard control models such as the Four Ms?

    <p>Analyzing incidents to identify causative factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of poison is extremely dangerous due to the very small amount required to be lethal?

    <p>Poison A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum specific activity required for a material to be considered radioactive?

    <p>0.002mCi/g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of insurance covers building under construction against perils such as fire, wind, and theft?

    <p>Construction insurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a category of insurance?

    <p>Liability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of OCP insurance?

    <p>To protect the business or property owner from liability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CE relate to?

    <p>European product conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame for reporting an alcohol-related violation to a State official for commercial drivers?

    <p>30 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of a company's fleet must be randomly tested for controlled substances annually?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Presence-Sensing Interlocks?

    <p>To stop operation when the sensing field is disturbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gate is applicable to mechanical power presses and press brakes?

    <p>Type B Gate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Awareness Barriers?

    <p>To alert people to a hazardous area or operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Two-Hand Controls?

    <p>To require concurrent use of both hands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Type A Gate?

    <p>To provide a barrier between the danger area and the operator until completion of machine cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of emergency stop controls?

    <p>To stop operation in case of an emergency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Presence-Sensing Mats?

    <p>To stop operation when a predetermined weight is applied to the mat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Two-Hand Trip?

    <p>To require concurrent and continued use of both hands, preventing them from entering the danger area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of device is used to safeguard machine operators from reaching the point of operation?

    <p>Pullback devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of Self-Adjusting Guards?

    <p>They do not provide maximum protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of machine typically has a hood guard over the blade?

    <p>Circular table saws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of presence sensing devices?

    <p>To detect the presence of an operator's hands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of guard is used on machines that require frequent adjustment?

    <p>Adjustable guards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of Adjustable Guards?

    <p>They may be made ineffective by the operator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Restraint Devices?

    <p>To limit the operator's hands from reaching the point of operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of device is used to safeguard machine operators on full and part revolution power presses?

    <p>Pullback devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a pendant control in robots?

    <p>To allow an operator to control a robot from within the work envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept of Zero Mechanical State (ZMS)?

    <p>To recognize that detailed procedures will help ensure that a machine or system is safe for maintenance, setup, or cleaning operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of device is used to protect radial saw operators during ripping operations?

    <p>Ant kickback fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of emergency stop controls in robots?

    <p>To stop the robot motion in case of an emergency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of safeguard is used to prevent an operator from entering the work envelope of a robot during operation?

    <p>Interlocked barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of awareness barriers in robots?

    <p>To alert an operator of potential hazards in the work envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of presence-sensing devices in robots?

    <p>To detect the presence of an operator in the work envelope and prevent accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of two-hand controls in robots?

    <p>To require an operator to use both hands to activate the robot, ensuring safe operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an ant kickback finger device in radial saw operations?

    <p>To protect the operator from kickback during ripping operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical feature of a pendant control for robots?

    <p>Single point of control with emergency stop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the Zero Mechanical State (ZMS) concept?

    <p>To ensure all sources of energy are removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of safeguard device is used to prevent operators from entering the work envelope?

    <p>Barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a BioCurve tool?

    <p>To reduce ulnar deviation of the wrist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Presence-Sensing Interlock device?

    <p>To sense the presence of the operator and stop the machine when they are too close</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an additional safeguard that may be applied when an operator must enter the work envelope to maintain or train a robot?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an awareness barrier?

    <p>To alert the operator of potential hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a Two-Hand Control?

    <p>To require concurrent and continued use of both hands, preventing them from entering the danger area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why may maintenance grounds-keepers not use interlock control circuitry for all maintenance and servicing work?

    <p>Because it is not designed for maintenance and servicing work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of a pendant control in robot operation?

    <p>Enhanced operator control within the work envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Pullback device?

    <p>To automatically withdraw the hands from the point of operation during the machine cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an Awareness Barrier?

    <p>To alert people to a hazardous area or operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of Self-Adjusting Guards?

    <p>They do not provide maximum protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a Type A Gate and a Type B Gate?

    <p>Type A Gate is used for mechanical power presses, while Type B Gate is used for press brakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an Emergency Stop Control?

    <p>To stop the machine in an emergency situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Hood Guard on a circular table saw?

    <p>To provide a barrier between the operator and the point of operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a Presence-Sensing Mat work?

    <p>It stops the machine when a predetermined weight is applied to the mat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Restraint device?

    <p>To limit the operator's hands from reaching the point of operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a device that combines a physical barrier with a control function?

    <p>Presence-Sensing Interlock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Two-Hand Trip device?

    <p>To prevent the operator from entering the danger area when the machine cycle starts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of device is used to prevent access to a hazardous area?

    <p>Awareness Barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an Awareness Signal?

    <p>To alert the operator or others that a hazard exists or is approaching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Two-Hand Control?

    <p>To require the operator to use both hands to activate the machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Two-Hand Control device?

    <p>To require concurrent and continued use of both hands, preventing them from entering the danger area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gate is applicable to mechanical power presses and provides a barrier between the danger area and the operator during the downstroke?

    <p>Type B Gate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an Awareness Barrier?

    <p>To alert the operator of a hazardous area or operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of device is used to physically limit the movement of the operator's hands to prevent their entry into the point of operation?

    <p>Wrist-strap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Presence-Sensing Interlock device?

    <p>To sense the presence of the operator's hands in the danger zone and stop operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Type A Gate?

    <p>To provide a barrier between the danger area and the operator until completion of the machine cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Two-Hand Trip device?

    <p>To require concurrent use of both hands, preventing them from being in the danger area when the machine cycle starts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of device is used to stop operation when the sensing field is disturbed?

    <p>Presence-Sensing Interlock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a pullback device?

    <p>To automatically withdraw the hands from the point of operation during the machine cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of adjustable guards?

    <p>They require frequent maintenance or adjustment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a hood guard on a circular table saw?

    <p>To float vertically as material is moved into the blade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a restraint device?

    <p>To limit the operator's hands from reaching the point of operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of self-adjusting guards?

    <p>They do not provide maximum protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a presence-sensing interlock?

    <p>To sense the presence of an operator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of device that combines safety controls with gates?

    <p>Type A and B gate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a hand speed constant?

    <p>To calculate the safe distance for a light curtain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a pendant control in robots?

    <p>To allow an operator to control a robot from within the work envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Zero Mechanical State (ZMS) concept?

    <p>To recognize that detailed procedures will help ensure that a machine or system is safe for maintenance, setup, or cleaning operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of awareness barriers?

    <p>To alert operators of potential hazards in the work envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of emergency stop controls?

    <p>To allow operators to stop the machine or system in emergency situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of presence-sensing devices?

    <p>To detect the presence of an operator in the work envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of two-hand controls?

    <p>To require operators to use both hands to activate a machine or system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of device protects radial saw operators during ripping operations?

    <p>Ant kickback fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using a pendant control in robots?

    <p>It allows operators to control the robot from within the work envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of hazard control?

    <p>Eliminating or reducing the risk resulting from a hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hazardous location is characterized by the presence of combustible dust?

    <p>Class II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between planning and design?

    <p>Planning is a general process, while design is more specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a rubber pad used by a person working on electrical distribution lines?

    <p>To insulate the worker from other conductors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from production and distribution activities?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can inadequate assumptions lead to?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do when removing cords from a device?

    <p>Pull on the plug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cords should be used for hard or extra-hard usage?

    <p>3-wire type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential component of effective communication?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do with cords that are not marked for hard or extra-hard use or which have been modified or damaged?

    <p>Take them out of service immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can insufficient, delayed, and improper maintenance and repair lead to?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can poor communication or failures in communication lead to?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Non-sparking Ex n electrical equipment?

    <p>To prevent ignition of a surrounding explosive atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when designing for safety?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of hazard control?

    <p>To minimize hazards by recognizing, defining, and selecting preventive actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective way to reduce the severity of hazards?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of redundancy in an operation or system?

    <p>To reduce the probability of error or failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to communicate changes in design, operations, and procedures?

    <p>To prevent introducing new hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first priority in minimizing hazards?

    <p>Eliminate or replace the hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can historical data help in hazard control?

    <p>By identifying or anticipating hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective way to reduce the probability of occurrence of a hazard?

    <p>Designing for lower failure rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to have a means for measuring effectiveness in hazard control?

    <p>To evaluate the effectiveness of preventive actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key principle in minimizing hazards in the workplace?

    <p>Eliminate the hazard completely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of reducing the severity of a hazard?

    <p>Using smaller quantities of flammable materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of reducing the probability of occurrence of a hazard?

    <p>Designing for lower failure rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is historical data useful in hazard control?

    <p>It helps in identifying or anticipating hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assigning responsibility for implementing preventive actions?

    <p>To ensure accountability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a redundancy system?

    <p>A backup power source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to communicate changes in design, operations, and procedures?

    <p>To minimize hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of hazard control?

    <p>To eliminate hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of hazard control?

    <p>Eliminating or reducing the risk resulting from a hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between planning and designing?

    <p>Designing is an extension of planning, incorporating more detail and specific information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from failure to envision the use environment during the design process?

    <p>A hazardous situation, such as a slippery floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can inadequate packaging lead to during production and distribution activities?

    <p>A release of hazardous materials to handlers, distributors, or buyers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of hazards during maintenance and repair?

    <p>Insufficient, delayed, and improper maintenance and repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical component of effective communication that can help prevent hazards?

    <p>Feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can poor communication or failures in communication lead to?

    <p>Hazards and accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of designing safety protocols?

    <p>Identifying potential hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of locations are classified as Hazardous Location I?

    <p>Locations where flammable gases or vapors are present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a rubber pad in electrical distribution lines?

    <p>To insulate the worker from other conductors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do when removing cords from an electrical outlet?

    <p>Pull on the plug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cords should be used for hard or extra-hard usage?

    <p>3-wire type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected before each use to prevent electrical shocks and fires?

    <p>All cords and wires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur when arcing takes place in the presence of an atmosphere containing combustible dust or flammable vapors?

    <p>An ignition of the surrounding atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Non-sparking Ex n?

    <p>To prevent sparks in explosive atmospheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be taken out of service immediately due to the risk of electrical shocks and fires?

    <p>Cords not marked for hard or extra-hard usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common workplace hazard in railroads?

    <p>Grade crossing accidents with motor vehicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in designing emergency exiting systems for aircraft?

    <p>Designing for as many as 450 passengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of sensors in railroads?

    <p>To detect the speed of a train and activate gates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can contribute to visual, auditory, or operational distractions in vehicles?

    <p>Cell phones and global positioning displays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major hazard in aviation?

    <p>Leaking fuel tanks and ignition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a safety feature of ladders in railroads?

    <p>Rungs that prevent feet from sliding off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used in accident reconstruction?

    <p>S = V2/30 μ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of on-board computers and instruments in aviation?

    <p>To navigate, control, and manage the flight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hazard occurs when one or more objects move towards each other, crushing or shearing whatever comes between them?

    <p>Pinch point hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum recommended distance from a floor or walking surface to mechanical power transmission apparatus?

    <p>7 or 8 ft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a fixed guard?

    <p>To permit viewing of the point of operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of fixed guards?

    <p>They are not practical for changing production runs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an interlocked guard?

    <p>To shut off power to the machine when the guard is open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of interlocked guards?

    <p>Movable sections cannot be used for manual feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of point is particularly dangerous on rotating or reciprocating parts?

    <p>In-running nip point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consideration for constructing and attaching guards?

    <p>Using fasteners that cannot be removed without tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of hazard control?

    <p>Eliminating or reducing the risk resulting from a hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a design error that can introduce a hazard?

    <p>Failure to include a factor of safety in a structural calculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common way that hazards can result from production and distribution activities?

    <p>Insufficient packaging of hazardous materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a hazard that can result from insufficient maintenance and repair?

    <p>Failure to lock out or provide lockout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical component of effective communication that can help prevent hazards?

    <p>Feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between planning and design?

    <p>Planning is a broader process, while design is a more detailed process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a hazard that can result from poor communication or failures in communication?

    <p>Introducing hazards in the use environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of designing?

    <p>Incorporating specific information into a method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for introducing hazards in the workplace?

    <p>Changes in design, operations, and procedures are not communicated adequately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in minimizing hazards in the workplace?

    <p>Recognize and define the hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Non-sparking Ex n classification?

    <p>To prevent electrical equipment from sparking in the presence of combustible dust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hazard associated with in-running nip points?

    <p>Crushing or shearing hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of historical data in hazard control?

    <p>To identify and anticipate hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hazard in locations classified as Hazardous Location I?

    <p>The presence of flammable gases or vapors in the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum distance required from a floor or walking surface to mechanical power transmission apparatus?

    <p>8 ft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of reducing the hazard severity?

    <p>Using smaller quantities of flammable or toxic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using a rubber pad when working on electrical distribution lines?

    <p>To provide insulation between the worker's body and the electrical conductor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of redundancy in an operation or system?

    <p>To reduce the probability of error or failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of enclosure guards?

    <p>To provide a fixed barrier to prevent injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of reducing the probability of occurrence of a hazard?

    <p>To make the hazard less likely to result in an incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of shocks, burns, or fires when using electrical cords?

    <p>Improper use of cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of fixed guards?

    <p>They are not practical for changing production runs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of interlocked guards?

    <p>To prevent machine start-up when the guard is open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of designing for lower failure rates?

    <p>To reduce the probability of occurrence of a hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of inspecting electrical cords before each use?

    <p>To identify damaged or defective cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of providing safety procedures and protective equipment?

    <p>To reduce the severity of an incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of interlocked guards?

    <p>Movable sections cannot be used for manual feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hazard in locations classified as Hazardous Location III?

    <p>The presence of easily ignitable fibers or flyings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when designing and constructing enclosure guards?

    <p>To ensure the guard does not create additional hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using strain relief on electrical cords and connections?

    <p>To prevent damage to the cord or connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of attaching guards with fasteners that cannot be removed without tools?

    <p>To prevent unauthorized removal of the guard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using 3-wire type cords?

    <p>To provide a safe path to ground for fault currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of most rail deaths and injuries?

    <p>Grade crossing accidents with motor vehicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common hazard in aviation, particularly in severe weather?

    <p>Icing of wings and loss of lift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of thermally insulated tank cars in railroads?

    <p>To prevent heat buildup and explosions from fires in adjacent cars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in designing emergency exiting systems for aircraft?

    <p>Designing for a large number of passengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used in accident reconstruction to calculate the distance of a vehicle?

    <p>S = V2/30 μ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a safety feature of ladders in railroads?

    <p>Rungs that prevent feet from sliding off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common hazard in the workplace, particularly in the transportation industry?

    <p>Visual, auditory, or operational distractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of controls in the transportation of hazardous materials?

    <p>To prevent accidents and ensure safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hazard control primarily concerned with?

    <p>Eliminating or reducing the risk resulting from a hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from production and distribution activities?

    <p>Hazards introduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can insufficient, delayed, and improper maintenance and repair lead to?

    <p>Hazards introduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of effective communication that can help prevent hazards?

    <p>Feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary step in minimizing hazards?

    <p>Recognize them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a way to reduce the severity of a hazard?

    <p>Place hazards where there are few people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can design errors lead to?

    <p>Hazards introduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a way to reduce the probability of a hazard occurring?

    <p>Using redundancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is planning in the context of workplace safety?

    <p>Formulating a program of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a hazard that can result from communication failures?

    <p>Misunderstood instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is redundancy important in hazard control?

    <p>To reduce the probability of error or failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first priority in hazard control?

    <p>Eliminate or replace the hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can inadequate assumptions introduce?

    <p>Hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to hazards in the workplace?

    <p>Changes in design, operations, and procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can hazards be identified or anticipated?

    <p>Through historical data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of reducing the severity of a hazard?

    <p>Using smaller quantities of flammable or toxic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of distractions may be caused by equipment in vehicles?

    <p>Auditory and visual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used in accident reconstruction?

    <p>S = V^2/30 μ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major hazard in aviation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of thermally insulated tank cars in railroads?

    <p>To prevent heat buildup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a safety feature of ladders in railroads?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of sensors in railroads?

    <p>To detect train speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in designing emergency exiting systems for aircraft?

    <p>Designing for as many as 450 passengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of on-board computers and instruments in aircraft?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of location is classified as Hazardous I?

    <p>Locations with flammable gases or vapors in the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a rubber pad used by electrical distribution line workers?

    <p>To insulate the worker from other conductors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do when removing cords from use?

    <p>Take it out of service immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common workplace hazard related to electrical equipment?

    <p>Electrical shock from damaged cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using only 3-wire type cords?

    <p>To reduce the risk of electrical shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you inspect before each use of electrical cords and wires?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protection does Non-sparking Ex n provide?

    <p>Protection against electrical arcing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common workplace hazard related to electrical equipment in hazardous locations?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common class of mechanical hazard where injury or damage may occur?

    <p>Pinch point hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of guard permits viewing the point of operation?

    <p>Fixed guard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum distance required from a floor or walking surface to mechanical power transmission apparatus?

    <p>8 ft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of guard shuts off or disengages power and prevents machine start-up when the guard is open?

    <p>Interlocked guard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of fixed guards?

    <p>Machine adjustment and repair often require guard removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a special danger arising from rotating or reciprocating parts?

    <p>In-running nip point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of guard allows for some minor servicing work, in accordance with the lockout/Tagout exception, without time-consuming removal of fixed guards?

    <p>Interlocked guard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of interlocked guards?

    <p>Movable sections cannot be used for manual feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hazard Control

    • Hazard control involves eliminating or reducing the risk resulting from a hazard

    Planning vs Design

    • Planning is the process of developing a method for achieving something
    • Designing is an extension of planning that incorporates more detail and specific information
    • Design errors can lead to hazards, such as failure to convert square inches to square feet or failure to include a factor of safety in a structural calculation

    Hazards in Production and Distribution

    • Hazards can result from production and distribution activities, such as replacing one chemical with another that introduces toxic or flammable hazards
    • Inadequate packaging can result in the release of hazardous materials to handlers, distributors, or buyers

    Hazards in Maintenance and Repair

    • Hazards can result from insufficient, delayed, and improper maintenance and repair
    • Failure to tighten a bolt or tightening it too much can create a hazard
    • Failure to lock out or provide lockout devices can also introduce hazards

    Communication

    • The four components of communication are sender, message, media/channel, and decoding, receiver, and feedback
    • Poor communication or failures in communication can introduce hazards
    • After an accident, alcohol tests should be conducted within 8 hours, and substance tests should be conducted within 32 hours
    • Drivers should be subjected to random/unannounced tests for alcohol and drugs

    Measurement Tools

    • Slip meters are used to measure the slipperiness of a surface and determine the friction coefficient
    • Light meters are used to measure the illumination

    Accident Causes

    • Direct causes of accidents include energy sources and hazardous materials
    • Indirect causes of accidents include unsafe acts and conditions
    • Basic causes of accidents include management policies, personal or environmental factors

    Mechanics and Structures

    • Important properties of materials include strength, brittleness, ductility, thermal expansion and contraction, shape, age, exposure to environmental conditions, and exposures to chemicals
    • The safety factor (SF) refers to the ratio of a failure-producing load to the maximum safe stress a material may carry
    • Falling object protection systems (FOPS) are designed to prevent objects in a load from penetrating into the operator compartment

    Cranes and Safety Devices

    • Cranes may have built-in safety devices or warning devices, such as load-indicating devices, limit switches, boom angle indicators, and load-moment indicators
    • Basket hitch distributes the load by half on each sling, while a choker hitch sling carries the same load, but the load is carried by a single vertical element

    Elevators, Escalators, and Manlifts

    • These devices must be maintained regularly and inspected by trained people
    • Design standards incorporate safety features like brake systems, automatic braking if a cable fails, double doors for the car and openings, interlocks on all doors, and access doors with detector switches
    • Elevators must contain emergency alarms and means of egress

    Transportation

    • 37% of motor vehicle deaths occur between 10:00 p.m. and 4:00 a.m.
    • The death rate per crash generally increases with age
    • Distractions like cell phones, global positioning displays, video and DVD players, and other built-in or driver-carried equipment can contribute to accidents

    Accident Reconstruction

    • S = V2/30 μ, where S is the distance, V is the initial velocity, and μ is the coefficient of friction for the tires on the pavement

    Railroads

    • Hazards in railroads include explosions, fires, and releases of toxic materials
    • Most rail deaths and injuries result from grade crossing accidents with motor vehicles
    • Controls include barrier gates and signals, thermally insulated tank cars, and sensors that detect the speed of a train

    Aviation Hazards

    • Leaking fuel tanks and ignition can be disastrous
    • Icing of wings and loss of lift is still a danger in severe weather
    • Designing emergency exiting for as many as 450 passengers is a challenge
    • Detecting and avoiding wind shear, particularly in clear weather, also remains a challenge

    Pipelines Hazards

    • Hazards are related to materials handling and excavation during construction
    • Fire and explosion are major concerns for fuels and flammables
    • A leak in a pipe, fitting, valve, pump, or other component of the pipeline could produce disastrous results

    Transportation of Hazardous Materials

    • The Transportation Safety Act of 1974 regulates the transportation of hazardous materials
    • Hazards include explosives, radioactive material, flammable liquids or solids, combustible liquids or solids, oxidizing or corrosive materials, compressed gases, poisons, and etiologic agents
    • Controls include defining and recognizing hazardous materials, excluding certain materials from particular transportation modes, limiting quantities, controlling placement, design and selection of packaging, labeling of containers, restricting transportation routes, and using shipping manifests, incident reporting, and training

    Electrical Circuits

    • Resistance in a series circuit: R = R1 + R2 + … Rn
    • Resistance in a parallel circuit: 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + … 1/Rn

    Voltage and Power in AC and DC Circuits

    • Voltage in AC circuits: V = √PI/CosΦ, where V = voltage, I = impedance (Ω), and ϕ = phase angle in degrees
    • Power in DC circuits: P = VI, where P = power (W) and 1hp = 736 W
    • Power in AC circuits: P = V² CosΦ / R, where P = power (W), V = voltage, CosΦ = power factor, and R = resistance

    Resistance in DC Circuits

    • Resistance in DC circuits: R = ρ L/A, where R = resistance, ρ = resistivity of the metal (intrinsic ability to resist the flow of electricity), L = length (m), and A = cross-sectional area in square meters

    Joule's Law

    • Joule's Law: P = I²R = IV = V²/R, where P = power (W), I = current (A), R = resistance (Ω), and V = voltage (V)

    Capacitors and Inductors

    • Capacitors: passive electronic components consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator)
    • Capacitance in a series circuit: 1/Ct = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + … 1/Cn
    • Capacitance in a parallel circuit: Cparallel = C1 + C2 + … Cn
    • Inductors: passive electrical components that can store energy in a magnetic field created by the electric current passing through it
    • Inductance in a circuit: measured in Henries (H)

    Oscillators and Thermocouples

    • Oscillators: electronic circuits designed to produce high-frequency alternating currents
    • Thermocouples: sensors that measure temperature, consisting of two different types of metals, which convert heat energy into electrical energy

    Electrical Shock Hazard

    • Electrical shock hazard: severity of injury depends on the amount of electrical current and the length of time the current passes through the body
    • Body resistance, path of current through the body, and other factors affect the severity of injury
    • Different levels of electrical shock: 5 mA (slight shock), 6-25 mA (painful shock), 50-150 mA (extreme pain), and 75 mA (ventricular fibrillation, potentially fatal)

    Electrical Fires and Explosions

    • Electrical fires: often caused by defective or misused electrical equipment
    • Class C or multipurpose (ABC) fire extinguishers should be used to extinguish electrical fires
    • Explosions: can occur when arcing in the presence of a combustible atmosphere, and precautions should be taken to prevent ignition

    Hazardous Locations

    • Hazardous locations: classified into three categories: I (flammable gases or vapors), II (combustible dust), and III (easily ignitable fibers or flyings)

    Electrical Safety Precautions

    • Rubber pad: used to insulate workers from electrical distribution lines
    • Defective or damaged cords: should be removed from service and proper use of cords should be followed to prevent shocks, burns, or fires
    • Distance and location: minimum distance required from a floor or walking surface to mechanical power transmission apparatus varies with different standards, often 7 or 8 ft

    Machine Guarding

    • Enclosure guards: fixed or movable guards that prevent access to hazardous areas of a machine
    • Interlocked guards: shut off or disengage power and prevent machine start-up when the guard is open
    • Limitations: guards may not be practical for changing production runs, machine adjustment and repair may require guard removal, and other means of protecting maintenance personnel may be required

    Hazard Control Models

    • Many elements are involved in incidents: people, machines, environments, and materials
    • Four Ms: Man, Media, Machine, and Management, and MEEP: material, environment, equipment, and people
    • Goal Accomplishment Model: people perform activities and use equipment to help them, under constraints of physical, social, and regulatory environments

    Housekeeping and Housecleaning

    • Housecleaning: picking up, wiping up, and sweeping up, including removal of scrap and waste
    • Housekeeping: involves regular maintenance and cleaning of equipment and facilities to prevent hazards and ensure a safe working environment

    Flexible Cords and Grounding

    • Do not use flexible wiring in areas where frequent inspection is difficult or damage is likely to occur
    • Flexible cords should not be run through holes in walls, ceilings, floors, doorways, or windows unless physically protected
    • Grounding removes charge from equipment, protecting people from electric shock
    • Bonding connects all components, dispensing and receiving containers, to eliminate potential differences between conductors

    Fuses and Circuit Breakers

    • Fuses are devices that cut off power supply when current exceeds a given value, preventing overload and overheating of electrical wiring
    • Fuses operate within a given time and temperature, but are too slow to protect people from electric shock
    • Circuit breakers are forms of switches that open when current exceeds a designed limit
    • There are two types of circuit breakers: thermal and magnetic, with varying response to environmental temperature

    Hazard Control and Models

    • Hazard control may require multiple means of control, as a single method may not be sufficient
    • The four Ms involve: Man, Media, Machine, and Management (MEEP: material, environment, equipment, and people)
    • Goal accomplishment involves people performing activities using equipment in a facility, under physical, social, and regulatory environments, with time and cost constraints

    Housecleaning and Housekeeping

    • Housecleaning involves picking up, wiping up, and sweeping up, as well as removal of scrap and waste
    • Housekeeping includes removal of materials of construction, P&IDs, electrical classification, and relief system design

    Process Hazard Analysis

    • An initial process hazard analysis (hazard evaluation) is required on processes covered by the standard
    • The analysis should identify, evaluate, and control hazards involved in the process
    • Various methodologies can be used, including What-If, Checklist, What-If/Checklist, Hazard and Operability Study, Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, Fault Tree Analysis, and an appropriate equivalent methodology

    Insurance and Other Topics

    • Owners and contractor protection (OCP) protects business/property owners or general contractors against liability due to negligence or independent contractor/subcontractor acts
    • There are four categories of insurance: property (fire), health, liability, and life insurance
    • Construction insurance covers buildings under construction against perils such as fire, wind, and theft
    • CE and UL are product conformity certifications for Europe and the USA, respectively
    • Commercial drivers are subject to specific regulations, including alcohol consumption and reporting requirements
    • Hexavalent chromium is associated with welding stainless steel
    • DOT requires annual random testing of at least 50% of a company's entire fleet for random controlled substances

    Safeguarding Devices

    • Presence-sensing devices, such as photoelectric, radio frequency, or electromagnetic devices, attach to the machine's control system to stop operation when the sensing field is disturbed.
    • Presence-sensing mats detect a predetermined weight on the mat to stop the machine's operation.

    Point-of-Operation Safeguards

    • Two-hand control requires concurrent and continued use of both hands to prevent them from entering the danger area.
    • Two-hand trip requires concurrent use of both hands at the start of the machine cycle to prevent them from being in the danger area.

    Barrier Guards

    • Type "A" Gate is a moveable barrier applicable to mechanical power presses, providing a barrier between the danger area and the operator until the completion of the machine cycle.
    • Type "B" Gate is a moveable barrier applicable to mechanical power presses and press brakes, providing a barrier between the danger area and the operator during the downstroke.
    • Awareness barriers alert people to a hazardous area or operation, and a warning should explain the machine's hazard and the purpose of the barrier.
    • Hood guard is a circular table saws guard that "floats" vertically as material is moved into the blade.

    Adjustable and Self-Adjusting Guards

    • Adjustable guards are barriers that adjust for a variety of production operations, but may require frequent maintenance or adjustment and can be made ineffective by the operator.
    • Self-adjusting guards move according to the size of the stock entering the point of operation, but do not provide maximum protection.

    Restraint and Pullback Devices

    • Restraint devices connect the operator's wrists to a fixed anchor point, limiting their hands from reaching the point of operation at any time.
    • Pullback devices automatically withdraw the operator's hands from the point of operation during the machine cycle.

    Robotics Safeguards

    • Robotics safeguards include presence-sensing devices, barriers, interlocked barriers, perimeter guards, awareness barriers, or awareness signals.
    • Additional safeguards are needed when an operator must enter the work envelope to maintain or train the robot, such as lockout and tagout procedures, reduced operating speed, blocks or stops, emergency shutoff controls, and pendant control.

    Pendant Control

    • Pendant control allows an operator to control a robot from within the work envelope at slow speed, with emergency stop capabilities.

    Zero Mechanical State (ZMS)

    • ZMS recognizes that detailed procedures are necessary to ensure a machine or system is safe for maintenance, setup, or cleaning operations.
    • Locking out the main power sources of a machine or system may not remove all sources of energy, and pneumatic, hydraulic, or other fluid lines or components may still be pressurized and need to be relieved or isolated to make them safe.

    Safeguarding Devices

    • Presence-sensing devices, such as photoelectric, radio frequency, or electromagnetic devices, attach to the machine's control system to stop operation when the sensing field is disturbed.
    • Presence-sensing mats detect a predetermined weight on the mat to stop the machine's operation.

    Point-of-Operation Safeguards

    • Two-hand control requires concurrent and continued use of both hands to prevent them from entering the danger area.
    • Two-hand trip requires concurrent use of both hands at the start of the machine cycle to prevent them from being in the danger area.

    Barrier Guards

    • Type "A" Gate is a moveable barrier applicable to mechanical power presses, providing a barrier between the danger area and the operator until the completion of the machine cycle.
    • Type "B" Gate is a moveable barrier applicable to mechanical power presses and press brakes, providing a barrier between the danger area and the operator during the downstroke.
    • Awareness barriers alert people to a hazardous area or operation, and a warning should explain the machine's hazard and the purpose of the barrier.
    • Hood guard is a circular table saws guard that "floats" vertically as material is moved into the blade.

    Adjustable and Self-Adjusting Guards

    • Adjustable guards are barriers that adjust for a variety of production operations, but may require frequent maintenance or adjustment and can be made ineffective by the operator.
    • Self-adjusting guards move according to the size of the stock entering the point of operation, but do not provide maximum protection.

    Restraint and Pullback Devices

    • Restraint devices connect the operator's wrists to a fixed anchor point, limiting their hands from reaching the point of operation at any time.
    • Pullback devices automatically withdraw the operator's hands from the point of operation during the machine cycle.

    Robotics Safeguards

    • Robotics safeguards include presence-sensing devices, barriers, interlocked barriers, perimeter guards, awareness barriers, or awareness signals.
    • Additional safeguards are needed when an operator must enter the work envelope to maintain or train the robot, such as lockout and tagout procedures, reduced operating speed, blocks or stops, emergency shutoff controls, and pendant control.

    Pendant Control

    • Pendant control allows an operator to control a robot from within the work envelope at slow speed, with emergency stop capabilities.

    Zero Mechanical State (ZMS)

    • ZMS recognizes that detailed procedures are necessary to ensure a machine or system is safe for maintenance, setup, or cleaning operations.
    • Locking out the main power sources of a machine or system may not remove all sources of energy, and pneumatic, hydraulic, or other fluid lines or components may still be pressurized and need to be relieved or isolated to make them safe.

    Safeguarding Devices

    • Presence-sensing devices, such as photoelectric, radio frequency, or electromagnetic devices, attach to the machine's control system to stop operation when the sensing field is disturbed.
    • Presence-sensing mats detect a predetermined weight on the mat to stop the machine's operation.

    Point-of-Operation Safeguards

    • Two-hand control requires concurrent and continued use of both hands to prevent them from entering the danger area.
    • Two-hand trip requires concurrent use of both hands at the start of the machine cycle to prevent them from being in the danger area.

    Barrier Guards

    • Type "A" Gate is a moveable barrier applicable to mechanical power presses, providing a barrier between the danger area and the operator until the completion of the machine cycle.
    • Type "B" Gate is a moveable barrier applicable to mechanical power presses and press brakes, providing a barrier between the danger area and the operator during the downstroke.
    • Awareness barriers alert people to a hazardous area or operation, and a warning should explain the machine's hazard and the purpose of the barrier.
    • Hood guard is a circular table saws guard that "floats" vertically as material is moved into the blade.

    Adjustable and Self-Adjusting Guards

    • Adjustable guards are barriers that adjust for a variety of production operations, but may require frequent maintenance or adjustment and can be made ineffective by the operator.
    • Self-adjusting guards move according to the size of the stock entering the point of operation, but do not provide maximum protection.

    Restraint and Pullback Devices

    • Restraint devices connect the operator's wrists to a fixed anchor point, limiting their hands from reaching the point of operation at any time.
    • Pullback devices automatically withdraw the operator's hands from the point of operation during the machine cycle.

    Robotics Safeguards

    • Robotics safeguards include presence-sensing devices, barriers, interlocked barriers, perimeter guards, awareness barriers, or awareness signals.
    • Additional safeguards are needed when an operator must enter the work envelope to maintain or train the robot, such as lockout and tagout procedures, reduced operating speed, blocks or stops, emergency shutoff controls, and pendant control.

    Pendant Control

    • Pendant control allows an operator to control a robot from within the work envelope at slow speed, with emergency stop capabilities.

    Zero Mechanical State (ZMS)

    • ZMS recognizes that detailed procedures are necessary to ensure a machine or system is safe for maintenance, setup, or cleaning operations.
    • Locking out the main power sources of a machine or system may not remove all sources of energy, and pneumatic, hydraulic, or other fluid lines or components may still be pressurized and need to be relieved or isolated to make them safe.

    Hazard Control

    • Hazard control involves eliminating or reducing the risk resulting from a hazard
    • Two key components of hazard control are planning and designing, where planning involves developing a method for achieving something and designing is an extension of planning that incorporates more detailed and specific information

    Design Errors

    • Design errors can introduce hazards, such as:
      • Failure to convert square inches to square feet, leading to a large error in a load calculation
      • Failure to include a factor of safety in a structural calculation
      • Using the wrong factor of safety
      • Failure to envision the use environment, such as wet or muddy floors

    Hazards in Production and Distribution

    • Hazards can result from production and distribution activities, such as:
      • Replacing one chemical with another, introducing toxic or flammable hazards
      • Inadequate packaging, leading to a release of hazardous materials

    Hazards in Maintenance and Repair

    • Hazards can arise from insufficient, delayed, or improper maintenance and repair, such as:
      • Failure to tighten a bolt or tightening it too much
      • Failure to lock out or provide lockout

    Communication

    • Poor communication or failures in communication can introduce hazards
    • Hazards can arise when changes in design, operations, and procedures are not communicated adequately to those impacted

    Principles of Hazard Control

    • To minimize hazards, one must be able to:
      • Recognize them
      • Define and select preventive actions
      • Assign responsibility for implementing preventive actions
      • Provide a means for measuring effectiveness

    Priorities

    • Priorities for reducing hazards include:
      • Eliminate/replace the hazard
      • Reduce the hazard level
      • Provide safety devices
      • Provide warnings
      • Provide safety procedures and protective equipment

    Reducing the Hazard

    • Reductions in the degree of severity lead to less injury, illness, or damage
    • Strategies for reducing hazard severity include:
      • Placing hazards where there are few people
      • Using smaller quantities of flammable or toxic material
      • Reducing energy levels at an occupied location
      • Implementing a sprinkler system
    • Reducing the probability of occurrence means that a hazard is less likely to result in an incident
    • Strategies for reducing probability of occurrence include:
      • Designing for lower failure rates
      • Using redundancy
      • Avoiding single-point failures

    Redundancy-Backup System

    • Providing redundancy in an operation or system can reduce the probability of error or failure

    Hazardous Locations

    • Hazardous locations are classified into three categories:
      • I: Locations where flammable gases or vapors are present in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures
      • II: Locations hazardous because of the presence of combustible dust
      • III: Locations hazardous because of the presence of easily ignitable fibers or flyings

    Safety Precautions

    • Using a rubber pad rated for electrical distribution line work can insulate the worker from other conductors
    • Defective or damaged cords can cause shocks, burns, or fires, and proper use and inspection of cords and wires are essential

    Hazard Control

    • Hazard control involves eliminating or reducing risks resulting from hazards.
    • Planning and design are critical in hazard control, as design errors can lead to failures and hazards.
    • Failure to consider the use environment, making inadequate assumptions, and using wrong factors of safety can introduce hazards.

    Production and Distribution

    • Hazards can arise from production and distribution activities, such as replacing one chemical with another or inadequate packaging.
    • Insufficient, delayed, or improper maintenance and repair can also introduce hazards.

    Communication

    • Poor communication can introduce hazards, especially when changes in design, operations, and procedures are not adequately communicated.
    • The four components of communication are sender, message, media/channel, and decoding, receiver, and feedback.

    Principles of Hazard Control

    • To minimize hazards, one must recognize them, define and select preventive actions, assign responsibility, and provide a means for measuring effectiveness.
    • Historical data can help identify or anticipate hazards that may exist or potentially exist.

    Reduce the Hazard

    • Priorities for reducing hazards are:
    • Eliminate/replace the hazard
    • Reduce the hazard level
    • Provide safety devices
    • Provide warnings
    • Provide safety procedures and protective equipment
    • Reductions in severity lead to less injury, illness, or damage.
    • Examples of severity reduction include placing hazards where there are few people and using smaller quantities of flammable or toxic materials.

    Redundancy-Backup System

    • Providing redundancy in an operation or system can reduce the probability of error or failure.
    • Examples include designing for lower failure rates, using redundancy, and avoiding single-point failures.

    Hazardous Locations

    • Hazardous locations are classified into three categories:
    • Class I: Flammable gases or vapors are present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures.
    • Class II: Combustible dust is present.
    • Class III: Easily ignitable fibers or flyings are present.

    Defective or Damaged Cords

    • Improper use of cords can cause shocks, burns, or fires.
    • Safety precautions include insulating live wires, inspecting cords and wires before use, and using only 3-wire type cords rated for hard or extra-hard usage.

    Accident Reconstruction

    • The formula for calculating stopping distance is S = V2/30 μ, where S is distance, V is initial velocity, and μ is the coefficient of friction for tires on pavement.

    Railroads

    • Hazards include explosions, fires, and releases of toxic materials.
    • Most rail deaths and injuries result from grade crossing accidents with motor vehicles.
    • Controls include barrier gates, sensors, and thermally insulated tank cars.

    Aviation Hazards

    • Leaking fuel tanks and ignition can be disastrous.
    • Icing of wings and loss of lift is still a danger in severe weather.
    • Detecting and avoiding wind shear, particularly in clear weather, is a challenge.
    • Controls include on-board computers and instruments for navigation, flight control, and management.

    Pinch Point Hazards

    • Pinch point hazards occur when one or more objects move towards each other, crushing or shearing whatever comes between them.
    • Examples include in-running nip points and self-propelled interlocks.

    Distance and Location

    • The minimum distance required from a floor or walking surface to mechanical power transmission apparatus varies with different standards, although 7 or 8 ft is often used.

    Enclosure Guards

    • Fixed guards should be fixed to the machine to prevent additional hazards, such as pinch points.
    • Most guards should permit viewing the point of operation.
    • Limitations of enclosure guards include not being practical for changing production runs and requiring guard removal for machine adjustment and repair.

    Hazard Control

    • Hazard control involves eliminating or reducing risks resulting from hazards.
    • Planning and design are critical in hazard control, as design errors can lead to failures and hazards.
    • Failure to consider the use environment, making inadequate assumptions, and using wrong factors of safety can introduce hazards.

    Production and Distribution

    • Hazards can arise from production and distribution activities, such as replacing one chemical with another or inadequate packaging.
    • Insufficient, delayed, or improper maintenance and repair can also introduce hazards.

    Communication

    • Poor communication can introduce hazards, especially when changes in design, operations, and procedures are not adequately communicated.
    • The four components of communication are sender, message, media/channel, and decoding, receiver, and feedback.

    Principles of Hazard Control

    • To minimize hazards, one must recognize them, define and select preventive actions, assign responsibility, and provide a means for measuring effectiveness.
    • Historical data can help identify or anticipate hazards that may exist or potentially exist.

    Reduce the Hazard

    • Priorities for reducing hazards are:
    • Eliminate/replace the hazard
    • Reduce the hazard level
    • Provide safety devices
    • Provide warnings
    • Provide safety procedures and protective equipment
    • Reductions in severity lead to less injury, illness, or damage.
    • Examples of severity reduction include placing hazards where there are few people and using smaller quantities of flammable or toxic materials.

    Redundancy-Backup System

    • Providing redundancy in an operation or system can reduce the probability of error or failure.
    • Examples include designing for lower failure rates, using redundancy, and avoiding single-point failures.

    Hazardous Locations

    • Hazardous locations are classified into three categories:
    • Class I: Flammable gases or vapors are present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures.
    • Class II: Combustible dust is present.
    • Class III: Easily ignitable fibers or flyings are present.

    Defective or Damaged Cords

    • Improper use of cords can cause shocks, burns, or fires.
    • Safety precautions include insulating live wires, inspecting cords and wires before use, and using only 3-wire type cords rated for hard or extra-hard usage.

    Accident Reconstruction

    • The formula for calculating stopping distance is S = V2/30 μ, where S is distance, V is initial velocity, and μ is the coefficient of friction for tires on pavement.

    Railroads

    • Hazards include explosions, fires, and releases of toxic materials.
    • Most rail deaths and injuries result from grade crossing accidents with motor vehicles.
    • Controls include barrier gates, sensors, and thermally insulated tank cars.

    Aviation Hazards

    • Leaking fuel tanks and ignition can be disastrous.
    • Icing of wings and loss of lift is still a danger in severe weather.
    • Detecting and avoiding wind shear, particularly in clear weather, is a challenge.
    • Controls include on-board computers and instruments for navigation, flight control, and management.

    Pinch Point Hazards

    • Pinch point hazards occur when one or more objects move towards each other, crushing or shearing whatever comes between them.
    • Examples include in-running nip points and self-propelled interlocks.

    Distance and Location

    • The minimum distance required from a floor or walking surface to mechanical power transmission apparatus varies with different standards, although 7 or 8 ft is often used.

    Enclosure Guards

    • Fixed guards should be fixed to the machine to prevent additional hazards, such as pinch points.
    • Most guards should permit viewing the point of operation.
    • Limitations of enclosure guards include not being practical for changing production runs and requiring guard removal for machine adjustment and repair.

    Hazard Control

    • Hazard control involves eliminating or reducing risks resulting from hazards.
    • Planning and design are critical in hazard control, as design errors can lead to failures and hazards.
    • Failure to consider the use environment, making inadequate assumptions, and using wrong factors of safety can introduce hazards.

    Production and Distribution

    • Hazards can arise from production and distribution activities, such as replacing one chemical with another or inadequate packaging.
    • Insufficient, delayed, or improper maintenance and repair can also introduce hazards.

    Communication

    • Poor communication can introduce hazards, especially when changes in design, operations, and procedures are not adequately communicated.
    • The four components of communication are sender, message, media/channel, and decoding, receiver, and feedback.

    Principles of Hazard Control

    • To minimize hazards, one must recognize them, define and select preventive actions, assign responsibility, and provide a means for measuring effectiveness.
    • Historical data can help identify or anticipate hazards that may exist or potentially exist.

    Reduce the Hazard

    • Priorities for reducing hazards are:
    • Eliminate/replace the hazard
    • Reduce the hazard level
    • Provide safety devices
    • Provide warnings
    • Provide safety procedures and protective equipment
    • Reductions in severity lead to less injury, illness, or damage.
    • Examples of severity reduction include placing hazards where there are few people and using smaller quantities of flammable or toxic materials.

    Redundancy-Backup System

    • Providing redundancy in an operation or system can reduce the probability of error or failure.
    • Examples include designing for lower failure rates, using redundancy, and avoiding single-point failures.

    Hazardous Locations

    • Hazardous locations are classified into three categories:
    • Class I: Flammable gases or vapors are present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures.
    • Class II: Combustible dust is present.
    • Class III: Easily ignitable fibers or flyings are present.

    Defective or Damaged Cords

    • Improper use of cords can cause shocks, burns, or fires.
    • Safety precautions include insulating live wires, inspecting cords and wires before use, and using only 3-wire type cords rated for hard or extra-hard usage.

    Accident Reconstruction

    • The formula for calculating stopping distance is S = V2/30 μ, where S is distance, V is initial velocity, and μ is the coefficient of friction for tires on pavement.

    Railroads

    • Hazards include explosions, fires, and releases of toxic materials.
    • Most rail deaths and injuries result from grade crossing accidents with motor vehicles.
    • Controls include barrier gates, sensors, and thermally insulated tank cars.

    Aviation Hazards

    • Leaking fuel tanks and ignition can be disastrous.
    • Icing of wings and loss of lift is still a danger in severe weather.
    • Detecting and avoiding wind shear, particularly in clear weather, is a challenge.
    • Controls include on-board computers and instruments for navigation, flight control, and management.

    Pinch Point Hazards

    • Pinch point hazards occur when one or more objects move towards each other, crushing or shearing whatever comes between them.
    • Examples include in-running nip points and self-propelled interlocks.

    Distance and Location

    • The minimum distance required from a floor or walking surface to mechanical power transmission apparatus varies with different standards, although 7 or 8 ft is often used.

    Enclosure Guards

    • Fixed guards should be fixed to the machine to prevent additional hazards, such as pinch points.
    • Most guards should permit viewing the point of operation.
    • Limitations of enclosure guards include not being practical for changing production runs and requiring guard removal for machine adjustment and repair.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of hazard control, including the distinction between planning and design, and how design errors can lead to hazards. It also touches on hazards in production and distribution.

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