Hayes-Tilden Standoff (1876)

Hayes-Tilden Standoff (1876)

• Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) received 4,036,572 votes and 185 electoral votes.
• Samuel J. Tilden (Democratic) received 4,284,020 votes and 184 electoral votes.
• Both candidates were known for honesty
• Voter turnout was 82%, the highest in American history.
• Rutherford B. Hayes was known as "The Great Unknown" and was from Ohio, a swing state.
• Tilden earned 184 electoral votes, but three Southern states (LA, SC, FL) had contested results.
• These states submitted two sets of returns.
• Republican returns favored Hayes, while Democratic returns favored Tilden.
• Congress passed the Electoral Count Act, which established an electoral commission to resolve the issue.
• The commission voted 8-7 in favor of Republican Hayes
• Democrats threatened a filibuster
• The Compromise of 1877 was reached.
• Republicans agreed to end their commitment to racial equality and withdraw federal troops from the South
• In return, Democrats allowed Hayes to receive the disputed votes.
• This compromise lead to the beginning of Jim Crow laws, and Democrats gained control of the South

Jim Crow and Political Shifts

• The Democratic South suppressed black citizens following the compromise.
• White Democrats (Redeemers) regained political power.
• Blacks were forced into sharecropping and tenant farming, where they rented land from landowners.
• Landowners manipulated the system, ensuring farmers remained in debt due to extremely high rates and farmers never making enough to get them out of debt

Segregation and Disenfranchisement

• White Southerners regained power, leading to daily discrimination against blacks.
• State-level legal codes of segregation, known as Jim Crow laws, were enacted.
• These laws formalized racial separation.
• Southern states implemented literacy requirements, voter registration laws, and poll taxes which disfranchised black voters
• The Supreme Court validated segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson, allowing "separate but equal" facilities.
• Lynchings occurred when black people tried to assert their rights.

Industrial Revolution and Railroad Expansion (1865-1900)

• The US experienced significant railroad construction.
• Track mileage increased from 35,000 miles in 1865 to 192,556 miles in 1900, exceeding Europe's total.
• Railroad barons often relied on government assistance for construction.
• Railroad promoters argued projects were too risky without government support
• Congress provided low-interest loans and land grants to railroad companies due to the needs of the Post Office and Military.
• Critics claimed land grants were giveaways to greedy corporations.
• Government granted over 150 million acres, and state governments granted 50 million acres; railroads profited by selling this land later.
• Land grants were a cheap method to subsidize railroad construction.
• Railroads significantly contributed to industrialization after the Civil War.

Government Benefits from Railroads

• The U.S. government avoided new taxes through direct land grants to railroads.
• Railroads facilitated military and postal transportation at reduced rates.
• The country saved $1 billion between 1850 and 1945.
• Frontier villages flourished as cities with the arrival of railroads.
• These new markets brought stores, restaurants, hotels, cattle markets, and festivals.
• They created jobs and tax revenue from sales, excise, and imports.
• Property values increased, boosting property tax revenue.

Transcontinental Railroad

• The Union Pacific Railroad built westward from Omaha, Nebraska, employing mostly Irish laborers
• Workers faced Indian attacks while trying to preserve their lands and were known as "Hell on Wheels".
• The Central Pacific Railroad built eastward from Sacramento, California, largely employing Chinese workers, under rough conditions in Sierra Nevada.
• Chinese laborers were cheap, efficient, but faced deadly circumstances.
• The government heavily subsidized both railroads.
• The completion of the transcontinental line at Ogden, Utah in 1869 connected the East and West coasts.
• This was an impressive engineering achievement which facilitated Asian trade.
• Trainloads of resources like lumber, coal, iron, cereals, livestock, and cotton moved across the nation.

Railroad Consolidation and Innovation

• Cornelius "Commodore" Vanderbilt led the consolidation of Western Railroads
• Vanderbilt made millions in steamboats and later controlled railroads and built Grand Central Station and the New York Central Railroad
• Railroad service improved with major innovations and he offered superior service at lower rates
• The Steel Rail replaced iron, offering strength, safety, and economy
• A Standard Gauge of Track Width eliminated costly line changes of mixed gauges
• The Westinghouse Airbrake improved train stopping with shorter distances
• Safety Devices like talking wires, double tracking, and block signals enhanced efficiency and safety, later adapted for auto transportation.

Revolution by Rails

• Railroads transformed American life and boosted industrial production
• Railroads created a domestic market by connecting North America from coast to coast for American raw materials and manufactured items
• Cities could ship furniture from New Jersey to Iowa, while Iowa could ship wheat to New Jersey while Texas cattle and Florida fruit shipped across the nation
• Railroads caused population movement to the cities allowing ability to both visit and live and carry food to large concentrated areas
• Railroads were also the largest source of orders for the steel industry (as well as coal and lumber
• The US became the world's largest steel producer.
• Railroads standardized time zones in 1883, dividing the nation into four time zones.
• Railroads caused some to become wealthy, accumulating great amounts of wealth

Railroad Wrongdoing

• Corruption existed widely in the railroad industry.
• Enormous fortunes were made quickly.
• Jay Gould was the most adept of the ringmasters.
• Stock watering inflated company assets and profits, allowing insiders to sell stock at a high price before the company went bankrupt.
• Railroads became huge monopolies.
• Railroad leaders had more influence than the president.
• Arm-twisting lobbyists influenced government officials by bribing them for legislation.
• Railroads were the first large corporations, developing modern finance, management, labor relations, and competition
• The Central Pacific needed a staff over 10,000 people and there was a large scale organization
• Railroads consumed steel, iron, coal, lumber, and glass which caused innovative industries.
• These met challenge of various toography, like mountains, deserts and plains

Other Industries

• Many innovations caused the new industrial empire was developed.
• Several inventions/discoveries, like steel and oil, transformed ordinary life.
• The World Fair of 1876 had several
• The World Fair of 1876 featured things like:
• Linoleum
• Root beer
• Bananas Impoorted from Brazil
• Bicycles
• Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell
• Chewing tobacco
• Typewriter
• Steel and Oil became new industries
• Andrew Carnegie was the leader of steel and John Rockefeller was the leader of oil
• before these, whale oil, wood, and animal-based oils were used for energy. Oil lubricated moving parts.
• Steel use caused changes in manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, and architecture allowing
  • longer bridges
  • taller Buildings
  • Better/more efficient farm equipment
  • Faster/lighter ships
• As a result, the Artisan workshop gave way to a mature industry society causing, by 1913, All half industrial workers now worked in plants with over 250 employees.

The Move to the City

• By 1900, the American population nearly doubled since 1865.
• The population of American cities tripled.
• 4 out of 10 Americans lived in cities.
• Movement to the cities was caused by four factors
  • Railroads
  • Because of European immigration
  • Jobs
  • Pushed off due to cheap food
  • Increased agriculture production
  • Industrial Jobs
• New York City had 3.5 million people while Chicago and Philadelphia had over 1 million
• Skyscrapers allowed more people and workplaces to be packed on a given parcel of land in a place like
• New York City was the 2nd largest and Chicago was the fastest growing largest city in the world
• Steel increased and cost decreased allowing electric elevators to grow causing Louis H. Sullivan, named the Father of Skyscrapers, to be leading architects
• 1870 had 7.5 story buildings as the larget and by 1930 the empire state building has 102

City Life and Changes

• Americans commuted to and from work with electric trolley
• City development changed as city districts became industry, business, and residential areas
• Neighborhoods were segregated by nationality and social class with neighborhoods like Polish, Irish, Italian and German
• New lifestyles began like night life and countrylife seemed bad to the growing population
• Electricity, indoor plumbing and telephone became common
• Large department stores started to appear because of a growing consumerism
• Macy's, F.W Woolworths
• Shopping attracted employees and provided jobs particularly for women and Middle class associated well being and happiness with consumer items/
• Sears began mail ordering magazine for those in the country
• Growth of national chains in grocery began and the The customs changed as people started to move to the cities with fictional heroines like Theodore Drieser

Image of Cities

• The cities gave inage of more elegant life styles, More things to do
• More emphasis on dress, fashion, Style and $Looks
• Household products were sold at Stores like Sewing machines, lamps, Firearms, clothing, Shoes Started in 1892 sings with electric lights

Problems in the Cities

• Sanitation issues grew
• Waste disposal was a problem
• Mountains of waste (especially manure) became an issue and the cultural values were abandoned due to consumerism
• Impure water and unwashed bodies occurred
• Dog and horse droppings alongside throwaway boxes, botties and cans
• Crime Increased
• Thefts, rapes, armed robbery
• Public services required (police, fire dept)
• Cities became class divided
• Very rich and very poor people
• Towering skyscrapers and stinking tenements (dumbbell tenements)
• Apartment homes were horrible and many immigrants lived there causing cities combined the best and worst
• Lawmakers began enacting codes (sewer, fire escapes, and flushable toilets

Immigration

• Immigration hit a historic mark between 1880-1920 due to the attraction of a powerful urban magnet
• Between 1850 to 1870 7.5 million immigrants arrived, and nearly 11 arrived between 1870-1890
• Before the 1880s most immigrants were British isles and W Europe
• Also many Catholic Germans and Scandinavians
• They were fair skinned with higher literacy so fitted well
• The 1880s saw a wave of immigrants from Italy, the mediterranean, and Southern Europe
• People customs much different than previously had
• Many were illiterate, of different religions, did not come from democratic governments
• Were seeking industrial jobs with many immigrants coming from Southern Italy where there was a slow rate of industrialization and workshipped in Catholic, Orthodox and sungauges
• Many immigrants tried to conserve old culture having festivals
• Some US citizens began to wonder was it becoming a melting pot or a dumping ground
• US supply of grain and wheat helped address food shortages

European Immigration

• US supplies of grain and fish to Europe helped Europe address food shortages but caused competition for European farmers
• The potato, easy to grow and cheap, caused many to come to America and caused a wave of Europeans cities and new cities and the The "American Fever" proved highly contagious, as it promised a a land of Opportunity and high standard of living
• Benefits of the United States for the Immigrants included::
  • Cheap Land
  • No Military conscription
  • Freedom of Religion (No Persecution)
• Large quantity of food

Profiting from Immigration

• Those profiting from immigrants were were
• Industrialists liked labor as they could pay cheap
• RR liked as potential buyers of plots
• In the fact, ship companies greatly profited form increased volume

The New Morality during the Victorian Era

• Victoria Woodhull shocked society conventions by being was a beautiful, eloquent divorcee
• She proclaimed her belief in free love in 1871, Published a weekly journal and First women to found a Wall Street Brokerage
• Charged Beecher for committing adultery. Beecher was the most famous preacher of his day
• Changed sexual ideas Condemn free love as unchristian & unnatural
• Wanted women suffrage said menstruation could be regulated by the government
• Anthony Comstock, a sex purist, saw himself as a defender of purity. Succeed in getting
• Comstock Laws of 1873 were put in place which banned information of birth control in the mail

Society and Culture

• There was more talk, taking place and increased rate of sex
• Reform in Politics: a group known as Mugwumps worked endlessly to end corruption which were a Very educated group which included the famous cartoonist Thomas Nast. Mugwumps protested financial corruption, Coming word from word Chieftan from Alegonquian word Chieftain

New Industrial Era

• The New Industrial Age Effects brought New inventions propelling women into the workforce like never before which could have created some sort of change in history 2 Big were::
  • Type writer
  • Telephone Operator (Hello Girls)
• New Era: The This brings economic and social opportunity" TO WOMEN
• The Gibson Girl was an image of an independent and athletic women created by Charles Dana Gibson
• However, most women's realities was being Faced w/ long hours
• Danger working conditions
• Earning less $ men

Age of Imperialism

• Asian Africa, middle East and parts of the Pacific were were Divided by European and American empires and American empires
• From 1865 to the 1880s the US was indifferent to foreign policy.
• The nation was bursting with a new sense of power generated the industry and led to both Farmer's and factory owners began to look for markets beyond American shores as agricultural and production of these goods surged
• The US to create Millitary/Economic colonies.
• Exports increased and this caused financial concerns where exports go increases overseas and labor violence and Agri surplus caused overseas markets

US Foreign Policy

• US foreign needed the darwinists, telegraphs and undersea cable. Which helpt stoked expanioniutus
• colonies where to serve three purposes ports, supply materials in the mother nation and buy surplus finished Products from the factories

Strategic Influence

• Author of "The Influence of Sea Power" advocated dominance upon ships and seas
• the book caused the world to take off in the sea with steel ships
• Large navy needed
• US produced Surpluses and in Washington for a big navy protection
• US Lowered terrifs againit old countries Monroes docctiened the new world oil and boncite

Venezuala

• Dispute boundary precariously near war.
• Claimed British viloates MOnroes DOctrineses
• USA called shots
• Britaain toom

Hawaii

• Hawaii a stop for merchants/sailors in the Pacific to Asia
• New England where had missonarisr
• US warned powers to back in, they built ports and us governent signed treatise

Hawaii's Sugar Trade

• Sugar most profitable and US set tariffed
• In responshse annexation was sought out
• Native opposed
• Clevnlan Oppsed
• Anexed 1898 with warr
• Pros strategic and prevent
• Cons are racial

Cuban Rise,

• Cubans rebelled as controlled w/ eCOnomix issues
• Cubans went to war to support
• US supported

Spanish American War

• Miane was the flashpoint
• Yellow journalism
• Us won quick and easy
• Puerto rico
• Manlixy took pilpip
• TR helped and became president
• open door
• Philopinoe war