HASS Geography Year 8: Landforms and Landscapes

Permafrost is a type of soil or rock that remains frozen for two or more consecutive years
It is found in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions

A glacier is a large, slow-moving river of ice and snow formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow
Glaciers can be found in mountains and at the poles

An aquifer is a layer of permeable rock or soil that stores and transmits significant amounts of water
Aquifers are a source of freshwater for human consumption and agriculture

Erosion is the process of wearing away or removal of rock and soil through natural forces like water, wind, or ice
Deposition is the process of depositing eroded rock and soil in a new location
Weathering is the breakdown of rock and soil through exposure to wind, water, and temperature fluctuations

The mantle is the layer of hot, viscous rock between the Earth's crust and core
Tectonic plates are large, rigid slabs of the Earth's crust that fit together like a jigsaw puzzle

A hotspot is a zone of volcanic activity that occurs when a tectonic plate moves over a fixed mantle plume
This can lead to the formation of volcanic islands and mountain ranges

Subduction is the process of one tectonic plate being forced beneath another
A fault is a fracture in the Earth's crust where rocks on either side have moved past each other
Focus is the point within the Earth where an earthquake occurs
Seismic waves are vibrations that travel through the Earth's crust, causing the ground to shake
Epicentre is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
Primary waves (P-waves) are compressional waves that travel through the Earth's crust
Secondary waves (S-waves) are shear waves that travel through the Earth's crust

A tsunami is a series of ocean waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, usually as a result of an earthquake
A tsunami is not a singular wave, but rather a series of waves
Tsunamis can be devastating for poorer countries due to lack of infrastructure, early warning systems, and emergency preparedness

A continental slope is the zone of abrupt depth change at the edge of a continent, where the continental shelf drops off into the deep ocean

Permafrost is a type of soil or rock that remains frozen for two or more consecutive years
It is found in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions

A glacier is a large, slow-moving river of ice and snow formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow
Glaciers can be found in mountains and at the poles

An aquifer is a layer of permeable rock or soil that stores and transmits significant amounts of water
Aquifers are a source of freshwater for human consumption and agriculture

Erosion is the process of wearing away or removal of rock and soil through natural forces like water, wind, or ice
Deposition is the process of depositing eroded rock and soil in a new location
Weathering is the breakdown of rock and soil through exposure to wind, water, and temperature fluctuations

The mantle is the layer of hot, viscous rock between the Earth's crust and core
Tectonic plates are large, rigid slabs of the Earth's crust that fit together like a jigsaw puzzle

A hotspot is a zone of volcanic activity that occurs when a tectonic plate moves over a fixed mantle plume
This can lead to the formation of volcanic islands and mountain ranges

Subduction is the process of one tectonic plate being forced beneath another
A fault is a fracture in the Earth's crust where rocks on either side have moved past each other
Focus is the point within the Earth where an earthquake occurs
Seismic waves are vibrations that travel through the Earth's crust, causing the ground to shake
Epicentre is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
Primary waves (P-waves) are compressional waves that travel through the Earth's crust
Secondary waves (S-waves) are shear waves that travel through the Earth's crust

A tsunami is a series of ocean waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, usually as a result of an earthquake
A tsunami is not a singular wave, but rather a series of waves
Tsunamis can be devastating for poorer countries due to lack of infrastructure, early warning systems, and emergency preparedness