HART Communication Protocol Overview
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Questions and Answers

What mode in the ISA 100.11A protocol allows for the passing of legacy data?

  • Handheld mode
  • Routing mode
  • Encryption mode
  • Tunneling mode (correct)
  • Which feature of the ISA 100.11A network ensures reliability through methods like error detection and channel hopping?

  • Flexibility
  • Reliability (correct)
  • Determinism
  • Security
  • Which component manages and distributes security keys within the ISA 100.11A standard?

  • Network security manager (correct)
  • Transport layer manager
  • Data link controller
  • Encryption manager
  • What is one of the roles of the transport layer in the ISA 100.11A network concerning security?

    <p>Securing peer-to-peer communications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature supported by the ISA 100.11A network?

    <p>Using proprietary standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Z-Wave utilize to bypass obstructions caused by household appliances?

    <p>Healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which devices are included in the Z-Wave network?

    <p>Static devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the power requirements of Zigbee devices?

    <p>Can last up to seven years on a single set of batteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable feature of Z-Wave systems compared to Zigbee systems?

    <p>Less user-friendly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Z-Wave rank in terms of expense compared to Zigbee?

    <p>More expensive than Zigbee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a target audience for Zigbee systems?

    <p>Technology experts seeking customization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does Zigbee offer regarding its Alliance?

    <p>Comprises a wide range of communication companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of user is more likely to favor Z-Wave systems?

    <p>Users who prefer simplicity and ease of use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary technique used in the HART Data Link Layer to ensure reliable communication?

    <p>Super-frames and TDMA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functionality does channel blacklisting provide in HART communication?

    <p>Identifies and removes unreliable channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which networking approach does WirelessHART utilize for communication between devices?

    <p>Mesh networking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the HART Application Layer?

    <p>Handling command and response messages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does HART manage network congestion?

    <p>By restricting its operation to specific channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following layers does the HART Network layer encompass?

    <p>Network, Transport, Session</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environments is ISA 100.11A primarily designed for?

    <p>Large scale industrial complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature does the HART Data Link Layer use for managing timing in communication?

    <p>Time slots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport services does ISA 100.11A offer?

    <p>Reliable, best effort, and real-time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the super-frames in the HART Data Link Layer?

    <p>To control timing and avoid collisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer supports mesh routing and frequency hopping in ISA 100.11A?

    <p>Data link layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the foundation for the physical and MAC layers in ISA 100.11A?

    <p>IEEE 802.15.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following topologies is NOT allowed in ISA 100.11A?

    <p>Point-to-point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many devices approximately use ISA 100.11A?

    <p>1 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of networks are permitted under ISA 100.11A?

    <p>Radio link and field buses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is associated with the development of ISA 100.11A?

    <p>International Society of Automation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge in Social Sensing for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)?

    <p>Distinguishing rare events from regular events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the proposed system adjust the duty cycles of sensor nodes?

    <p>Through weak estimation learning automata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the fire monitoring and alarm system designed for Bord and Pillar coal mines?

    <p>To offer real-time monitoring and emergency response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Probabilistic Duty Cycle (PDC) in WSNs rely on for its operation?

    <p>Information accumulated from social media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to alarm capabilities, what information does the fire monitoring system provide?

    <p>Location and direction of fire spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one outcome of effective duty-cycle management in sensor networks?

    <p>Reduced energy consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology is specifically mentioned in the context of monitoring underground coal mines?

    <p>Wireless Sensor Networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is crucial for identifying the occurrence possibility of rare events in WSNs?

    <p>Social media analytics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Communication is collision free and deterministic via super-frames and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
    • Super-frames are grouped 10ms wide timeslots
    • Super-frames regulate transmission timing for collision-free and reliable communication
    • This layer includes channel hopping and blacklisting to improve reliability and security
    • Channel blacklisting removes frequently interfered channels from use

    HART Network and Transport Layers

    • Cooperatively manages different traffic types, routing, session creation, and security
    • WirelessHART relies on a mesh network for communication and each device is set to forward packets from all other devices
    • Each device keeps an updated network graph (topology) for routing
    • The HART network layer is equivalent to the Network, Transport, and Session layers combined in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model

    HART Application Layer

    • Handles communication between gateways and devices with command and response messages
    • Extracts commands from messages, executes them, and generates responses
    • This layer is seamless and does not differentiate between wireless and wired HART versions

    HART Congestion Control

    • Restricted to the 2.4Ghz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band with channel 26 removed due to restrictions in certain areas
    • Devices communicate directly when in range
    • When devices are out of range, messages are routed through other nodes to avoid obstructions (called healing)
    • This process of bypassing radio dead-spots is done using a message

    Zwave vs. Zigbee

    • Zwave is user-friendly and offers a simple setup
    • Zwave is ideal for users with a basic understanding of technology seeking a secure, efficient, and easy-to-use system
    • Zigbee requires minimal power for very long battery life of up to 7 years
    • Zigbee is ideal for users with tech expertise wanting customization and self-installation
    • Zwave is expensive
    • Zigbee is cheaper than Zwave
    • Zwave is used by 90% of the top security and communication companies in the US for smart home solutions
    • The Zigbee Alliance includes nearly 400 organizations collectively improving the open-standard Zigbee wireless connection

    ISA 100.11A

    • Developed by the International Society of Automation (ISA)
    • Primarily designed for large-scale industrial complexes and plants
    • Over 1 billion devices use ISA 100.11A application layers
    • ISA 100.11A supports native and tunneled application layers
    • It offers various transport services including "reliable," "best effort," and "real-time"
    • Network and transport layers are based on TCP or UDP / IPv6
    • Data link layer supports mesh routing and frequency hopping
    • Physical and MAC layers are based on IEEE 802.15.4
    • Supported topologies include star/tree and mesh
    • Permitted networks include radio link, ISA over Ethernet, and field buses
    • Application Support Layer delivers communications services to user and management processes
    • It can pass objects (methods, attributes) natively within the ISA 100.11A protocol
    • A tunneling mode allows legacy data through the ISA100.11A network

    ISA 100.11A Network Diagram

    • RD = Routing device
    • NRD = Non-routing device
    • H = Handheld device
    • B = Backbone device

    ISA 100.11A Features

    • Flexibility
    • Support for multiple protocols
    • Use of open standards
    • Support for multiple applications
    • Reliability (error detection, channel hopping)
    • Determinism (TDMA, QoS support)
    • Security

    ISA 100.11A Security

    • Security is fully built-in to the standard
    • Authentication and confidentiality services are available independently
    • A network security manager manages and distributes keys
    • Twin data security steps in each node:
      • Data link layer encrypts each hop
      • Transport layer secures peer-to-peer communications

    Social Sensing in WSNs

    • Challenges:
      • Distinguishing between rare and regular events
      • Adapting the duty-cycle with the occurrence probability of events
    • Contribution:
      • Probabilistic duty cycle (PDC) in WSNs
      • Accumulates information from social media to identify rare event occurrence possibility
      • Adjusts sensor node duty cycles using weak estimation learning automata

    Applications of WSNs: Mines

    • Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can be implemented to develop a fire monitoring and alarm (FMA) system for Bord & Pillar coal mines
    • The fire monitoring system is specifically designed for Bord & Pillar based mines
    • The system is capable of real-time monitoring and alarming, as well as locating and tracking fire spread direction by gathering, analyzing, and storing information continuously

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the HART Communication Protocol, covering the Data Link, Network, Transport, and Application Layers. It explores key concepts such as super-frames, TDMA, channel hopping, and wireless communication aspects including mesh networking. Test your knowledge of HART's reliability and security features.

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