Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT required for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium to be maintained?

  • Migration occurs (correct)
  • Large population size
  • Random mating
  • No natural selection

    • In Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, allele frequencies change over time.

    False

    What is the formula to calculate allele frequencies in a population?

    p + q = 1

    The rejection of the null hypothesis when it is true is known as a type ______ error.

    <p>I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Hardy-Weinberg conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Large population size = Minimizes genetic drift No natural selection = Equal chances for all genotypes No migration = No new alleles introduced Random mating = Mates chosen without bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What probability threshold is commonly used to test the null hypothesis in this context?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is accepted despite being false.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used for calculating the chi-square value?

    <p>(observed - expected)² / expected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A trait that is influenced by multiple genes simultaneously is called a ______ trait.

    <p>polygenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Pleiotropic genes = One gene influences multiple traits Quantitative trait = Trait affected by many genes and environment Polygenic traits = Traits influenced by multiple genes simultaneously Degrees of freedom = Number of classes minus number of alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of sexual reproduction?

    <p>Increased genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asexual reproduction leads to greater genetic diversity in populations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define parthenogenesis.

    <p>Reproduction from an unfertilized egg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sexual reproduction, only ______% of a parent's genes are passed on to the offspring.

    <p>50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of reproduction with their descriptions:

    <p>Sexual reproduction = Involves two parents and genetic recombination Asexual reproduction = Involves one parent without genetic variability Parthenogenesis = Involves reproduction without fertilization DNA repair hypothesis = Explains the ability to repair damaged genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cost of asexual reproduction?

    <p>Increased competition for resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parasitic DNA hypothesis suggests that sexual reproduction has no impact on the spread of parasitic genetic elements.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one hypothesis for the origin of sex?

    <p>Parasitic DNA hypothesis or DNA repair hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is directional selection?

    <p>Selection that favors one trait over another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stabilizing selection favors extreme phenotypes in a population.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cryptic species?

    <p>Species that are indistinguishable morphologically but divergent in traits like calls or odors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ speciation occurs when geographic barriers separate populations.

    <p>Allopatric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of selection with its description:

    <p>Directional Selection = Favors one extreme phenotype Stabilizing Selection = Favors intermediate phenotypes Disruptive Selection = Favors two or more extreme phenotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation?

    <p>Biological species concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polyploidy refers to organisms with a complete set of chromosomes that is less than two.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of hybridization between genetically distinct populations?

    <p>Production of hybrid offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The divergence of a clade into populations adapted to various ecological niches is called _______.

    <p>adaptive radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the mechanism of evolutionary isolation with its description:

    <p>Allopatric Model = Geographic isolation Sympatric Model = Reproduction without physical barriers Dispersal Model = Population divides due to migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of natural selection on populations?

    <p>Enables survival of better-adapted traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Species concepts do not account for historical or extinct populations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to reproductive isolation in sympatric speciation?

    <p>Different food preferences and mating behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of sexual reproduction in relation to genetic diversity?

    <p>To maintain and enhance genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muller’s ratchet occurs in sexually reproducing organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes competition among males for access to females?

    <p>Intrasexual selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ hypothesis suggests that females choose males with genes that will increase the quality of their offspring.

    <p>good gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following reproductive strategies with their definitions:

    <p>Intrasexual selection = Competition among males for mating rights Intersexual selection = Selection based on traits attractive to the opposite sex Cryptic female choice = Biasing paternity towards certain males post-mating Runaway sexual selection = Preference for extravagant traits leading to maladaptive traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an example of sexual dimorphism?

    <p>Males have bright feathers; females are brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sexual reproduction can lead to a decrease in genetic diversity in a population.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does linkage disequilibrium refer to?

    <p>Increasing association of alleles at different loci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One sex typically produces numerous small gametes () while the other sex produces fewer larger gametes ().

    <p>male, female</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis explains why females may prefer mates with exaggerated traits?

    <p>Handicap principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sperm competition occurs when females have only one mating partner.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sexual selection on male traits?

    <p>Exaggeration of traits favored by females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ principle explains how animals signal their fitness through costly traits.

    <p>handicap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the sexual selection mechanisms with their descriptions:

    <p>Intrasexual selection = Competing individuals of the same sex Cryptic female choice = Post-mating bias towards certain males Runaway sexual selection = Trait preference becomes exaggerated over time Intersexual selection = Individuals choose mates based on specific traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the consequences of Muller’s ratchet in asexual populations?

    <p>Buildup of deleterious mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Population Genetics

    • Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium is a null model used to compare real data to hypothetical data to understand how trait frequencies change in populations, or how evolution operates.
    • Allele frequencies remain constant over time.
    • Specific conditions for equilibrium include: large population size to minimize genetic drift; no natural selection; no migration; no mutations; and random mating.

    Calculating Frequencies

    • Allele frequencies (p and q) add up to 1.
    • Genotype frequencies are calculated as follows: q² + 2pq + p² = 1

    Statistical Errors

    • Type I error (alpha error): rejecting a true null hypothesis. An acceptable probability of this is 5% (α = 0.05).
    • Type II error: failing to reject a false null hypothesis.

    Chi-Square Analysis

    • Used to determine if populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
    • Compares observed values to expected values.
    • Degrees of freedom are calculated by subtracting the number of alleles from the number of classes.
    • A chi-square value less than the critical value indicates equilibrium.

    Modes of Selection

    • Directional Selection: favors one extreme trait over another (e.g., giraffes with longer necks).
    • Stabilizing Selection: favors intermediate traits (e.g., robins laying four eggs).
    • Disruptive Selection: favors both extreme traits (e.g., gray and white rabbits).

    Species Concept & Speciation

    • Three species concepts exist: Biological (reproductive isolation); Morphological (physical traits); and Phylogenetic (smallest monophyletic group).
    • Allopatric speciation: new species evolve due to geographic isolation (e.g., dispersal or vicariance).
    • Sympatric speciation: new species evolve without geographic isolation.
    • Mechanisms for evolutionary isolation: Allopatric model-geographic isolation, dispersal model-population physically separated by geographical barriers; Vicariance model—population is divided by a developing barrier.

    Evolution of Sex

    • Sex is the biological distinction between males and females (chromosomes, hormones, anatomy).
    • Gender refers to self-identification (male, female, or otherwise).
    • Sexual reproduction involves combination of genes causing genetic diversity, and asexual reproduction does not.
    • Costs of sexual reproduction: energy & time in finding mates, risk of diseases.
    • Benefits of sexual reproduction: diverse genes, disease resistance facilitating natural selection.

    Sexual Selection

    • Sexual dimorphism: males and females exhibit different physical traits.
    • Intrasexual selection: competition among members of the same sex (e.g., males fighting for mates like in elks, flies and moose).
    • Intersexual selection: choice of one sex by the other (e.g., peacocks' tails).
    • Good gene hypothesis: choosing a mate with beneficial traits.
    • Handicap principle: males with traits that diminish survival are more attractive to females because such fitness makes them healthier.
    • Sexy son hypothesis: females choose males that will make their sons attractive.

    Cryptic Female Choice

    • Females exert choice after mating.
    • Mechanisms include behavioral, physiological, or morphological processes to influence which sperm fertilizes their eggs.

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    Population Genetics - Evolution Exam #3 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, including its conditions, principles, and related statistical concepts. This quiz covers key formulas, errors in hypothesis testing, and the influence of multiple genes on traits. Perfect for students studying genetics.

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