Hard Rock Tunnelling Techniques

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary method of excavation in hard rock tunnelling?

Drill and blast

What are the two main aspects of the rock mass in hard rock tunnelling?

Construction material and construction site

What are the three main tunnelling methods?

  • Boring (TBM) (correct)
  • Sinking
  • Backfilling
  • Cutting (Roadheader) (correct)
  • Drill and Blast (correct)

What is the term used for a tunnel section that is completely enclosed except for entrances and exists?

<p>Tunnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the "Lake Tap" method of tunnel drilling?

<p>A tunnel piercing underwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the tunnel connecting Averøy and Kristiansund?

<p>Atlanterhavstunnelen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of tunnel sections?

<p>Horseshoe-shaped, D-shaped, circular, and rectangular</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rock support method involving the strengthening of rock with bolts and concrete?

<p>Shotcreting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of equipment is used for medium to large sized tunnels, and what is its size range?

<p>Rubber Tyred Equipment. 16 - 110 square meters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the sequential steps in the tunnel excavation process?

<p>Drilling, charging, firing, ventilation, scaling and rock support, loading and transport, scaling and rock support, control and surveying</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hard Rock Tunneling

A method of constructing tunnels in hard rock using explosives (drill and blast).

Drill and Blast

A tunneling method where holes are drilled in rock, filled with explosives, and then detonated to break the rock.

Rock Mass

The rock material used and the environment for excavation.

Adit/Access

A passage used to access the tunnel.

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Forepoling

A method to reinforce tunnel walls during excavation.

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Deep Lake Tap

A tunnel piercing a deep lake.

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Sequential Excavation

Excavating large sections or cavities in stages.

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Rock support

Methods to prevent rock from falling or causing instability in the tunnel.

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Hydropower Plant

A facility that generates electricity from the energy of moving water.

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Concrete lining

A tunnel lining made of concrete placed within the excavation

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Pregrouting

Injecting grout/concrete into the ground behind the tunnel face to prevent or reduce water leakage.

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Ground Freezing

Freezing the ground around a tunnel to prevent water from entering.

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Round Cycle (Drill and Blast)

The cyclical process of drilling, charging, firing, ventilation, and other work in hard rock tunnelling.

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Direct Loading

A method of directly loading blasted rock into transportation vehicles such as trucks.

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Rock Blasting Technique

The method employed in controlling the fragmentation of rocks during the tunnelling process.

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Oil and Gas Storage

Storing oil and gas underground. This is a key factor in large scale oil supply.

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Underground City (Future use)

Urban settlement built underground, an alternative to surface settlements.

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Tunnel Piercing

Passing / cutting through a physical obstruction, often in water.

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Study Notes

Hard Rock Tunnelling

  • Drill and blast tunnelling technology is introduced.
  • A tunnel is defined as a completely enclosed underground passageway, usually with openings for entry and exit at each end.
  • The rock mass is the construction material and site.
  • Various methods of tunnel excavation are discussed, including drill and blast, boring (TBM), and cutting (roadheader).
  • Different tunnel sections (horseshoe, D-shaped, circular, rectangular) are presented.
  • Deep lake taps (105m, 109m, 120m, and 170m) for various hydropower projects are described.
  • Troll shore approach, involving gas pipelines from the North Sea being pierced under the water, is detailed.
  • Diagrams show sequential excavation methods for large caverns and geological features.
  • Additional rock support methods (forepoling, concrete lining, pre-grouting, and ground freezing) are mentioned.
  • Equipment used for different tunnel excavation methods (rubber-tyred equipment, railbound equipment, drill rigs, haggloaders, front-loaders, rock dumpers, and LHD loaders) is showcased.
  • Diagrams and examples illustrate direct loading and various other tunnel excavation techniques employed in different contexts.
  • The diagrams detail the sequence for different types of excavation methods like Drill and Blast or excavation by the use of tunnel boring machines (TBM).
  • The "Round Cycle" for this type of excavation is described with a step-by-step approach involving drilling, charging, firing, ventilation, scaling and rock support, loading and transport, and control and surveying.
  • Future uses for tunnels, illustrated by an example of underground city development in Singapore, are shown.

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Hard Rock Tunneling 2022 PDF

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