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Questions and Answers
What is the approximate time frame during which the Harappan Civilization is said to have flourished?
What is the approximate time frame during which the Harappan Civilization is said to have flourished?
Which of the following locations is NOT considered a major center of the Harappan Civilization?
Which of the following locations is NOT considered a major center of the Harappan Civilization?
What was one of the key features of urban planning in the Harappan Civilization?
What was one of the key features of urban planning in the Harappan Civilization?
What materials were commonly used for seals in the Harappan civilization?
What materials were commonly used for seals in the Harappan civilization?
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Which statement accurately reflects the social structure of the Harappan Civilization?
Which statement accurately reflects the social structure of the Harappan Civilization?
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Which of the following is true about the Harappan script?
Which of the following is true about the Harappan script?
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What evidence indicates that the Harappan people practiced irrigation?
What evidence indicates that the Harappan people practiced irrigation?
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Which of the following was a predominant occupation among the people of the Harappan Civilization?
Which of the following was a predominant occupation among the people of the Harappan Civilization?
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In what way did the Harappan civilization regulate exchange?
In what way did the Harappan civilization regulate exchange?
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What type of worship was practiced by the Harappan Civilization's people?
What type of worship was practiced by the Harappan Civilization's people?
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Which of the following food animals were domesticated by the Harappan people?
Which of the following food animals were domesticated by the Harappan people?
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What remains undeciphered from the materials associated with the Harappan Civilization?
What remains undeciphered from the materials associated with the Harappan Civilization?
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Which of the following materials was NOT typically excavated from the sites of the Harappan Civilization?
Which of the following materials was NOT typically excavated from the sites of the Harappan Civilization?
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What specialized craft production activity was Chanhudaro known for?
What specialized craft production activity was Chanhudaro known for?
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Which evidence do archaeologists use to explore social differences among the Harappan people?
Which evidence do archaeologists use to explore social differences among the Harappan people?
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How did the Harappan civilization signify the identity of the sender in communication?
How did the Harappan civilization signify the identity of the sender in communication?
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Around which year did the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization become evident?
Around which year did the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization become evident?
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Which archaeologist was the first Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India?
Which archaeologist was the first Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India?
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What is the time period during which the Harappan Civilization existed?
What is the time period during which the Harappan Civilization existed?
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What is another name for the Indus Valley Civilization?
What is another name for the Indus Valley Civilization?
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Which factors are suggested as reasons for the decline of the Harappan Civilization?
Which factors are suggested as reasons for the decline of the Harappan Civilization?
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Which of the following cities is NOT associated with the Harappan Civilization in India?
Which of the following cities is NOT associated with the Harappan Civilization in India?
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What type of artifacts do archaeological studies of the Harappan Civilization primarily rely on?
What type of artifacts do archaeological studies of the Harappan Civilization primarily rely on?
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What misconception did Cunningham hold regarding Indian history?
What misconception did Cunningham hold regarding Indian history?
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What was a primary characteristic of the settlements like Nageshwar and Balakot?
What was a primary characteristic of the settlements like Nageshwar and Balakot?
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How did the Harappans usually obtain raw materials for crafts?
How did the Harappans usually obtain raw materials for crafts?
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What role did trade play in the Harappan civilization?
What role did trade play in the Harappan civilization?
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What type of worship practices were prevalent among the Harappan people?
What type of worship practices were prevalent among the Harappan people?
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What was a significant factor contributing to the end of the Harappan civilization?
What was a significant factor contributing to the end of the Harappan civilization?
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In relation to social structure, what was notable about the Harappan civilization?
In relation to social structure, what was notable about the Harappan civilization?
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Which decorative motif was used on seals by the Harappans?
Which decorative motif was used on seals by the Harappans?
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What significant feature of urban planning was observed in Mohenjodaro?
What significant feature of urban planning was observed in Mohenjodaro?
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Which statement about the relative sizes of settlements in the Harappan civilization is accurate?
Which statement about the relative sizes of settlements in the Harappan civilization is accurate?
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What term is used to describe the study of historical layers?
What term is used to describe the study of historical layers?
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What type of public structures did the Harappans construct in Mohenjodaro?
What type of public structures did the Harappans construct in Mohenjodaro?
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What does the term 'Proto-Shiva' refer to?
What does the term 'Proto-Shiva' refer to?
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What was the main function of a granary in Harappan civilization?
What was the main function of a granary in Harappan civilization?
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Which event marked the beginning of formal archaeological study of the Harappan sites?
Which event marked the beginning of formal archaeological study of the Harappan sites?
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Which significant structure is known as the most famous building in Mohenjodaro?
Which significant structure is known as the most famous building in Mohenjodaro?
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What were shamans believed to possess in the Harappan civilization?
What were shamans believed to possess in the Harappan civilization?
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Study Notes
Harappan Civilization
- This is the oldest civilization in India
- There's no single timeline for the civilization. Different scholars have different dates
- Flourished between 3250 and 2750 BCE, according to Sir John Marshall
- Discovered in 1921 by Daya Ram Sahni
- Major centers are in Pakistan (Mohenjodaro and Chanhudaro) and India (Kalibangan, Sangol, Pangplore, Lothal, Dholavira, Banavali)
- Urban planning was advanced, with wide roads intersecting at right angles and well-planned drainage systems
- People lived with mutual love and understanding
- No caste system existed
- Main occupations: agriculture and animal husbandry
- Trade was well-developed (internal and external)
- Worshipped various gods and goddesses (Mother Goddess, Lord Shiva, animals, birds, trees, and the Sun)
- Skilled in arts and crafts (sculptures, toys, pottery, jewelry)
- Used seals with writing systems that are still being deciphered
Archaeological Evidence
- Excavations of Indus sites provide information about tools, pottery, and household items.
- Archaeological evidence (artifacts) show the types of tools, seals, jewelry, houses etc. used by the people.
- The civilization dates back to between 2600 and 1900 BCE
- There were Early and Late Harappan cultures
- Important archaeologists: Cunningham, Daya Ram Sahni, Rakhal Das Banerjee, John Marshall
Decline of the Civilization
- Signs of decline around 1900 BCE
- Two major cities (Mohenjodaro and Harappa)- completely declined
- Possible causes: change in the course of the Indus River, excessive floods, earthquakes, epidemics, invasion by the Aryans
Social and Economic Differences
- Differences between people are studied using archaeological techniques.
- Valuable materials were concentrated in larger settlements
- The Harappan people primarily engaged in agriculture.
- Traded with other cultures
- Economic life was prosperous
- Crafted beautiful sculptures and decorative items
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Description
Explore the fascinating aspects of the Harappan Civilization, one of the oldest in India, flourishing between 3250 and 2750 BCE. Learn about its advanced urban planning, trade practices, artistic skills, and cultural worship. Delve into the archaeological evidence that unveils this enigmatic civilization's history.
