Hamstring Injuries in Sports

False (B)

They control hip flexion and knee extension while absorbing energy.

<p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Terminal swing phase = Prone to injury due to rapid lengthening Concentric contraction = Produces hip extension and knee flexion Eccentric contraction = Controls hip flexion and knee extension Force development in elongated position = Compromised after injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability to produce sufficient force in a lengthening position (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3, 28</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Time of day of the injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prone position</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normalizing gait (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive Straight Leg Raise = Measures hamstring tightness Active Knee Extension Test = Measures hamstring flexibility Hamstring Strength Testing = Evaluates muscle strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progressive agility and trunk stabilization exercises</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes controlled early loading through frontal-plane movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>90°</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 weeks, 1 year</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sidestepping = 3 sets of 1 minute Cariocas = 3 sets of 1 minute Boxer Shuffle = 3 sets of 1 minute Rotating Side Planks = 3 sets of 20 repetitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlled submaximal isometric contractions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sport-specific drills and return-to-sport testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biceps femoris long head (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Previous hamstring strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>initial</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Previous hamstring strain = Nonmodifiable Age over 23 = Nonmodifiable Hamstring weakness = Modifiable Hamstring to quadriceps strength imbalance = Modifiable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased flexibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain with resisted knee flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slow jogging with minimal pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Single-limb windmill</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage 1 = Slow jogging, about 25% maximum speed Stage 2 = Moderate-speed running, pain-free Stage 3 = Gradual progression to sprinting, up to 100% maximum speed Return to Sport = Combination of clinical assessment and performance tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>70% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agility and stabilization exercises</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>95% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ongoing progressive eccentric and lumbopelvic strengthening exercises</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ballistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>26% ongoing muscle injury = Evidence of muscle damage at return Persistent edema on MRI = Indicates ongoing healing Reduction in knee flexor torque = Weakness that may lead to re-injury Eccentric training = Enhances stability and reduces re-injury risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evidence of ongoing muscle injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>range</p> Signup and view all the answers

Injury to the hamstring muscles caused by sudden forceful contraction or intense stretch, resulting in pain in the back of the thigh.

High-speed running, jumping, kicking, and explosive movements with rapid direction changes are activities at high risk of hamstring injuries; about 7 hamstring strain injuries per 25 player professional soccer season.

Hamstring muscles are biarticular (cross hip & knee joints). Concentric contractions extend hip and flex knee; eccentric contractions control hip flexion and knee extension.

Muscle lengthening while generating force. Important for controlling movement and absorbing energy.

The terminal swing phase of high-speed running poses high risk. Hamstrings rapidly lengthen and absorb energy to slow limb movement before foot contact.

Hamstring injury recurrence is linked with a shift in peak knee flexion torque to a shorter musculotendon length (increased knee flexion angle) where force development is compromised in the lengthened position.

Hamstring strains result from forceful contractions or stretches of the hamstring muscles, causing mechanical stress and disruption of the muscle fibers, without external impact.

Hamstring strain injuries lead to significant time loss from competition; ranging from 3 to 28 days(or more) depending on severity.

During high-speed running, hamstring injuries are most common in the intramuscular tendon of the biceps femoris long head.

Hamstring injuries from kicking usually happen in the proximal tendon of the semimembranosus.

Injuries to the biceps femoris long head intramuscular tendon heal faster than injuries to the semimembranosus tendon.

Previous hamstring strain is a major risk factor for recurrence.

Older athletes are at increased risk for hamstring strain, especially those over 23 and over 25 in some sports.

Weaker hamstrings are a risk factor.

Sudden thigh pain, a 'pop' sound, limping, swelling, or pain with pressure are potential symptoms.

Examination includes testing knee flexion, hip extension, hip flexion, and knee extension, all while checking for pain.

Mechanism of injury, involved structures, location of tenderness, and time to return to pain-free walking predict injury recovery.

Hamstring strength is tested in prone position with the hip stabilized at 0° extension.

Medial and lateral hamstring muscles are tested using internal/external tibial rotation at 90°/15° knee flexion, respectively.

Evaluated at 90°/0° knee flexion, applying manual resistance to distal posterior thigh and heel.

Less than 80° hip angle during passive straight leg raise or greater than 20° knee flexion angle during active knee extension test indicates tightness.

Measures hamstring flexibility in acute injuries (1 day - painless walking).

Early rehabilitation aims to normalize gait, manage pain/swelling, and start pain-free hamstring strengthening in a moderate position.

Introducing trunk stabilization exercises helps enhance lumbo-pelvic control, potentially reducing re-injury risk.

A program focusing on progressive agility and trunk stabilization to rehabilitate hamstring injuries.

Strengthening exercises focusing on controlled lowering of weights to shift peak force development to longer muscle lengths.

Rehabilitation process for hamstring injuries involving progressive exercises, starting with pain-free contractions and eventually sport-specific drills.

The optimal length for active tension in hamstrings shortens after injury due to muscle and scar tissue formation.

A key component of hamstring injury rehabilitation; a 3-stage approach gradually increases running intensity and speed.

High risk of re-injury after hamstring injury. Athletes must meet all criteria before returning to full participation.

The PATS Program significantly lowers hamstring injury recurrence rate during the first 2 weeks and 1 year following return to sport compared to traditional methods.

Hamstring strengthening should start with pain-free submaximal isometric contractions targeting mid-range of motion.

A test assessing hamstring discomfort during rapid straight leg raise. Even after passing other tests, 95% of athletes felt insecure with this test.

Standards athletes must meet to safely return to competition after injury, including full range of motion and passing strength tests.

Ongoing eccentric and lumbopelvic strengthening programs after return to sport can help athletes reach previous performance levels and reduce re-injury risk.

Even when meeting return-to-sport criteria, MRI scans can show evidence of ongoing muscle injury or edema in athletes returning to sport, highlighting the need for continued rehab.

Starts after walking with minimal pain, involves gradual increase in running speed from 25% to 50% of maximum speed.

Starts after pain-free moderate-speed running, focuses on maintaining pain-free progression.

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) and eccentric training exercises enhance muscle stability and reduce re-injury risk.

Involves gradual increase in running speed from 50% to 100%, with increments of about 5% to reduce risk of re-injury.

These tests may not be enough to guarantee a return to sport without further risk of injury.

Continued eccentric and core strengthening programs help prevent re-injury by improving muscle strength and stability.

Commonly used for hamstring injury rehabilitation, preparing athletes for high-speed running demands.

Research suggests eccentric strengthening is more effective than concentric training for hamstring injury prevention.

Recommended for lowering hamstring reinjury risk, compared to stretching and strengthening alone.

Athlete needs to demonstrate maximal isometric strength in several knee flexion positions.