Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is anaphylaxis?
Where can the list of most common potential allergens be found?
How quickly can an anaphylactic reaction occur after exposure?
What is the main cause of an anaphylactic reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which body systems can be affected by manifestations of an anaphylactic reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the potential consequence of an anaphylactic reaction in the airway?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary risk factor in the development of gastric cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bacteria is the most likely pathogen causing travelers' diarrhea?
Signup and view all the answers
How long can travelers' diarrhea typically last?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended treatment for travelers' diarrhea if it persists beyond 1 week?
Signup and view all the answers
How can travelers avoid contracting travelers' diarrhea?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the main routes of transmission for infectious diarrhea?
Signup and view all the answers
Which diagnostic tests are available to detect H. pylori?
Signup and view all the answers
How do infectious diarrheal diseases rank in terms of global morbidity and mortality?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the duration reduction caused by antibiotic treatment in diarrhea cases?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended dose of epinephrine for adults in the treatment of anaphylaxis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of treating vertigo?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the max recommended dose of epinephrine for children in the treatment of anaphylaxis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a peripheral cause of vertigo?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines absolute bradycardia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a reversible cause of bradycardia mentioned in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the key difference between community-acquired pneumonia and hospital-acquired pneumonia?
Signup and view all the answers
What does symptomatic bradycardia associated with Mobitz type 2 or 3rd degree heart block require?
Signup and view all the answers
Which group of symptoms is commonly associated with pneumonia in older adults?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organization recommends atropine for unstable patients with bradycardia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic feature of vertigo according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What is considered the initial management approach for stable and asymptomatic patients with bradycardia?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines healthcare-associated pneumonia as per the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What does 'bundle branch block' refer to in the context provided?
Signup and view all the answers
Which diagnostic tests are mentioned for vertigo in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What medication may be used as a vestibular suppressant for severe vertigo?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the initial management approach for a patient with new-onset bundle branch block?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common bacterial pathogen associated with acute otitis media?
Signup and view all the answers
In patients with recurrent acute otitis media, when is a referral indicated?
Signup and view all the answers
What is considered the first-line antibiotic therapy for acute otitis media in children?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common initial complaint in acute otitis media?
Signup and view all the answers
What diagnostic tests can be used to assess for conductive or sensory neural hearing loss?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main characteristic of Otitis Media with Effusion (OME)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of sudden hearing loss in adults?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended treatment approach for non-severe acute otitis media?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bacterial pathogen is associated with causing conductive hearing loss in acute otitis media?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Anaphylaxis
- Acute, life-threatening, systemic event associated with hypersensitivity reaction
- Manifestations occur across multiple organ systems:
- Cardiovascular
- Respiratory
- Integumentary
- Gastrointestinal
- Central nervous systems
- Reactions can occur within seconds to 2 days after exposure
- Common potential allergens:
- Listed in primary care textbook, page 183
- Anaphylactic reaction occurs due to:
- Rapid release of immunoglobulin E
- Immune hypersensitivity reaction
- Activation of mast cells and basophils
- Leading to potentially life-threatening upper or lower airway obstruction
- Clinical presentations may vary in severity:
- Periodic rashes to severe systemic manifestations
- Diagnosis is based on:
- Clinical presentation
- History
- Physical examination
Treatment of Anaphylaxis
- Epinephrine is the 1st line treatment
- Dosage for adults:
- 1:1000 dilution, 1 mg/mL, 0.2-0.5 mg, repeated every 5-15 minutes, max dose 1 mg
- Dosage for children:
- 1:1000 dilution, 1 mg/mL, 0.01 mg/kg, repeated every 5-20 minutes, max dose 0.3 mg
- Non-pharmacologic management:
- Maintenance of airway, breathing, circulation, and level of consciousness
Bradycardia
- Defined as a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute
- Types:
- Absolute bradycardia
- Relative bradycardia
- Causes:
- Trauma
- Hypovolemia
- Infectious process
- Drug toxicity
- Electrolyte abnormality
- Lyme disease
- Transient injury to the conduction system
- Symptoms:
- Dizziness
- Fatigue
- Syncope
- Diagnostic testing:
- Glucose levels
- Electrolyte values
- Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level
- Creatinine concentration
- Liver function tests
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- Thyroid panel
- Chest X-ray
- Initial management:
- Dependent on history and physical examination
- Intervention not necessary if patient is stable and asymptomatic
- Continued monitoring indicated for patient's wellbeing and safety
Bundle Branch Block
- Disruption of conduction as it moves down the bundle branches
- Causes:
- Structural heart disease
- Congenital conditions
- Cardiac disease
- Coronary artery disease
- Symptoms:
- Similar to those discussed in previous slide
- Diagnostics:
- 12-lead electrocardiogram
- Halter monitor
- Laboratory testing
- Cardiac imaging
- Stress test
- Management:
- Focused on treatment of underlying cause
- Treatment of symptoms
Otitis Media
- Characterized by fluid in the middle ear
- Associated with inflammatory or infective processes
- Bacterial positive agents:
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Hemophilus influenzae
- Infections can be caused by both bacteria and viruses
- Most common initial complaint:
- Sudden onset of ear pain, worse in the prone position
- Diagnosis:
- Examination of the inner ear
- Tympanic membrane assessment
- Webber and Ryan tests
- Management:
- Based on each person's medical history, physical examination, and presentation
- Initial observation includes a plan for treatment of associated symptoms
- Pain management and planned provider contact within 24 hours for follow-up assessment
Hearing Loss
- Classified into 3 types:
- Conductive
- Sensorineural
- Mixed
- Causes of sudden hearing loss in adults:
- Sudden idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss
- Infections
- Perry lymphatic fistula
- Schematic of the inner ear
- Retrocochlear structures
- Multiple sclerosis
- Autoimmune diseases
- Trauma
- Chronic renal failure
- Sickle cell anemia
- Gradual hearing loss:
- Noise exposure
- Familial factors
- Retrocochlear neoplasm
- Chronic hepatitis
- Diabetes
- Chronic renal failure
- Differential diagnosis:
- Titus media
- Perry lymphatic fistula
- Monir disease
- Multiple sclerosis
- Autoimmune disorders
Vertigo
- Illusion of movement of oneself or the environment
- Causes:
- Peripheral causes:
- Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
- Vestibular nerve
- Acute labyrinthitis
- Ototoxicity
- Head trauma
- Central disorders:
- Brainstem or cerebellar
- Hemorrhage
- Tumors
- Multiple sclerosis
- Migraine syndrome
- Peripheral causes:
- Associated symptoms:
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diaphoresis
- Disequilibrium
- Sadness
- Blurry vision
- Ear symptoms (pain or pressure)
- Diagnostics:
- Shown in image on slide
Pneumonia
- Leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States
- Community-acquired pneumonia:
- Defined by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
- Frequently associated with at least 2 symptoms of active infection
- Occurs in individuals who have not been hospitalized or resided in a long-term care facility for 14 days before the onset of symptoms
- Hospital-acquired pneumonia:
- Defined as pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after hospital admission
- Did not appear to be incubating at the time of admission
- Health care-associated pneumonia:
- Defined as pneumonia that occurs in a non-hospitalized patient
- Has extensive health care contact
- Clinical presentation:
- History of fever, chills, or rigors
- Malaise
- Cough with or without sputum production
- Older adults may show:
- Fatigue
- Lethargy
- Decreased appetite
- Increased falls
- Mental status changes
H. Pylori
- Gram-negative bacteria
- Transmitted via the fecal-oral route in early childhood
- Causes both peptic and ulcers
- Primary risk factor in the development of gastric cancer
- Diagnostic tests:
- Stool test
- Urea breath test
- Serology tests
- Treatment:
- Discussed in d116
- General guidelines for treatment shown on slide
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on halter monitor testing, cardiac imaging, stress tests, and bundle branch block conduction disruptions. Learn about the management of Brady, evaluation for coronary disease, and underlying causes of bundle branch block.
