Chem 23.1-23.4 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

How are organic compounds classified?

Organic compounds can be classified according to their functional group.

What is a halocarbon?

A halocarbon is a carbon-containing compound with a halogen substituent.

How may halocarbons be prepared?

A halogen can replace a hydrogen atom on an alkane to produce a halocarbon.

What is a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions?

Functional group. Signup and view all the answers

What is a class of organic compounds containing covalently bonded fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine?

Halocarbons. Signup and view all the answers

What are halocarbons in which a halogen is attached to a carbon of an aliphatic chain?

Alkyl halides. Signup and view all the answers

What are halocarbons in which a halogen is attached to a carbon of an arene ring?

Aryl halides. Signup and view all the answers

What is a reaction in which an atom, or a group of atoms, replaces another atom or group of atoms?

Substitution reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What are any carbon chains or rings attached to the functional group referred to as?

R. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of a halocarbon?

R - X (X = F, Cl, Br, or I); halogen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of an alcohol?

R - OH; hydroxyl. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of an ether?

R - O - R; ether. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of an aldehyde?

O \ || R - C - H; carbonyl. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of a ketone?

O \ || R - C - R; carbonyl. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of a carboxylic acid?

O \ || R - C - OH; carboxyl. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of an ester?

O \ || R - C - O - R; ester. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of an amine?

R - NH2; amino. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of an amide?

O H \ || | R - C - N - R; amido (or amide). Signup and view all the answers

How are alcohols classified and named?

Aliphatic alcohols can be classified into structural categories according to the number of R groups attached to the carbon with the hydroxyl group. (one R group = primary alcohol, 2 R groups = secondary alcohol, 3 R groups = tertiary alcohol.) When using the IUPAC system to name continuous-chain and substituted alcohols, drop the -e ending of the parent alkane name and add the ending -ol. Signup and view all the answers

How does the solubility of an alcohol vary with the length of its carbon chain?

Alcohols of up to four carbons are soluble in water in all proportions. The solubility of alcohols with four or more carbons in the chain is usually much lower. Signup and view all the answers

What reactions of alkenes may be used to introduce functional groups into organic molecules?

Addition reactions of alkenes are an important method of introducing new function groups into organic molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What is the general structure of an ether and how are their alkyl groups named?

The general structure of an ether is R - O - R. The alkyl groups attached to the ether linkage are named in alphabetical order and are followed by the word ether. Signup and view all the answers

What is an organic compound with an -OH group?

Alcohol. Signup and view all the answers

What is the -OH functional group in alcohols?

Hydroxyl group (or hydroxy function). Signup and view all the answers

What is the production of ethanol from sugars by the action of yeast or bacteria?

Fermentation. Signup and view all the answers

What is ethanol with an added substance (denaturant) to make it toxic?

Denatured alcohol. Signup and view all the answers

What is a substance added at the double or triple bond of an alkene or alkyne?

Addition reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the addition of water to an alkene?

Hydration reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the addition of hydrogen to a carbon-carbon double bond to produce an alkane?

Hydrogenation reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is a compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon groups?

Ether. Signup and view all the answers

What is a compound in which a hydroxyl group is attached directly to an aromatic ring?

Phenol. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of a carbonyl group found in aldehydes and ketones?

The C=O functional group is present in aldehydes and ketones. Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid?

The general formula for a carboxylic acid is RCOOH. Signup and view all the answers

What is the general structure of an ester?

Esters contain a carbonyl group and an ether link to the carbonyl carbon. The general formula for an ester is RCOOR. Signup and view all the answers

How is dehydrogenation an oxidation reaction?

Dehydrogenation is an oxidation reaction because the loss of each molecule of hydrogen involves the loss of two electrons from the organic molecule. Signup and view all the answers

What is a functional group with the general structure C=O?

Carbonyl group. Signup and view all the answers

What is an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is always joined to at least one hydrogen?

Aldehyde. Signup and view all the answers

What is an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to two other carbons?

Ketone. Signup and view all the answers

What is a compound with a carboxyl group?

Carboxylic acid. Signup and view all the answers

What consists of a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group?

Carboxylic group. Signup and view all the answers

What are many continuous-chain carboxylic acids that were first isolated from fats?

Fatty acids. Signup and view all the answers

What are derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the -OH of the carboxyl group has been replaced by an -OR from an alcohol?

Esters. Signup and view all the answers

What is the loss of hydrogen as a reaction?

Dehydrogenation reaction. Signup and view all the answers

How does an addition polymer form?

An addition polymer forms when unsaturated monomers react to form a polymer. Signup and view all the answers

How are condensation polymers formed?

Condensation polymers are formed by head-to-tail joining of monomer units. This is usually accompanied by the formation of water as a reaction product. Signup and view all the answers

What is a large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of repeating smaller molecules?

Polymer. Signup and view all the answers

What are the smaller molecules that combine to form a polymer?

Monomers. Signup and view all the answers

What is polyethylene?

Polymer that is chemically resistant, easy to clean, and used to make plastic bottles, bags, and food containers. Signup and view all the answers

What is polypropylene?

Polymer used extensively in utensils, containers, and plastic whistles. Signup and view all the answers

What is polystyrene?

Polymer that is a rigid foam, poor heat conductor, used as insulation and for manufacturing molded items such as coffee cups and picnic coolers. Signup and view all the answers

What is polyvinyl chloride (PVC)?

Polymer used for plumbing pipes and plastic upholstery. Signup and view all the answers

What is polytetrafluoroethene?

Polymer that is very resistant to heat and chemical corrosion, durable, slick; used as a coating on nonstick cookware and used in chemical reactors as bearings and bushings. Signup and view all the answers

What is polyisoprene?

Polymer harvested from tropical plants such as the rubber tree and used to make tires, rubber bands, soles of athletic shoes, and a variety of other things. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Organic Compounds Classification

Organic compounds are categorized based on their functional groups.

Halocarbons

Defined as carbon-containing compounds with halogen substituents (F, Cl, Br, I).
Can be synthesized by replacing hydrogen atoms in alkanes with halogens.

Functional Groups

Functional groups determine the chemical reactivity and properties of organic compounds.
Specific examples include:
- Alcohol: R - OH (hydroxyl group)
- Ether: R - O - R
- Aldehyde: R - C(=O) - H (carbonyl group)
- Ketone: R - C(=O) - R
- Carboxylic Acid: R - C(=O) - OH (carboxyl group)
- Ester: R - C(=O) - O - R
- Amine: R - NH2 (amino group)
- Amide: R - C(=O) - NH2 (amido group)

Alkyl and Aryl Halides

Alkyl halides feature halogens bonded to aliphatic carbon chains (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes).
Aryl halides have halogens attached to aromatic ring carbons.

Chemical Reactions

Substitution reactions involve replacing one atom or group with another.
Addition reactions with alkenes allow the introduction of functional groups.

Alcohols

Classifications:
- Primary: one R group
- Secondary: two R groups
- Tertiary: three R groups.
IUPAC naming involves changing the alkane suffix from -e to -ol.
Solubility in water decreases with increasing carbon chain length, with greater solubility observed in chains with fewer than four carbons.

Carbonyl Compounds

Carbonyl group (C=O) is present in both aldehydes and ketones.
General formulae:
- Aldehydes: RCHO
- Ketones: RC(=O)R

Carboxylic Acids

General formula: RCOOH.
Carboxyl group consists of a carbonyl and hydroxyl group (COOH).
Fatty acids are continuous-chain carboxylic acids derived from fats.

Polymers

Formed from monomers through addition or condensation reactions.
Addition polymers result from unsaturated monomers.
Condensation polymers form with the release of water and feature head-to-tail bonding.

Common Polymers and Their Uses

Polyethylene: Commonly used for plastic bottles and containers.
Polypropylene: Widely utilized in utensils and containers.
Polystyrene: Known for insulation properties and is used for coffee cups.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): Employed in plumbing and upholstery.
Polytetrafluoroethene: Known for heat resistance, used in nonstick cookware.
Polyisoprene: Natural rubber sourced from rubber trees, used in tires and bands.

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Description

Prepare for your chemistry exams with these flashcards covering sections 23.1 to 23.4. This set focuses on the classification of organic compounds and halocarbons. Perfect for quick reviews and deeper understanding of functional groups and their properties.