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What is the classification for hallux limitus?
What is the classification for hallux limitus?
- Regnauld classification (correct)
- Olof classification (correct)
- Drago classification
- Modified Regnauld/Oloff classification (correct)
What are the stages of the Modified Regnauld/Oloff classification?
What are the stages of the Modified Regnauld/Oloff classification?
- Stage 2 - Joint adaptation (correct)
- Stage 3 - Joint deterioration (correct)
- Stage 1 - Functional hallux limitus (correct)
- Stage 4 - Congenital deformity
What symptoms or radiographic changes do you see in Regnauld/Oloff classification?
What symptoms or radiographic changes do you see in Regnauld/Oloff classification?
Stage 1 - No degeneration, no pain on range of motion, limited dorsiflexion weight-bearing; Stage 2 - Metatarsal head flattening, dorsal exostosis, pain at end range of motion; Stage 3 - Asymmetric joint space narrowing, osteophytes, subchondral cysts, and subchondral sclerosis; Stage 4 - No real range of motion.
What is the classification for Freiberg's Disease?
What is the classification for Freiberg's Disease?
What are the stages of the Smilie classification?
What are the stages of the Smilie classification?
What are the classifications for 5th metatarsal fractures?
What are the classifications for 5th metatarsal fractures?
What are the associated published articles with 5th met base fractures?
What are the associated published articles with 5th met base fractures?
What is the Stewart Classification system?
What is the Stewart Classification system?
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Study Notes
Classification of Hallux Limitus
- Regnauld classification aids in the differentiation of hallux limitus severity.
- Variants include Drago, Olof, and Jacobs classifications.
- Modified Regnauld/Oloff further categorizes stages of the condition.
Modified Regnauld/Oloff Classification
- Stage 1: Functional hallux limitus.
- Stage 2: Joint adaptation occurs.
- Stage 3: Joint deterioration is noted.
- Stage 4: Ankylosis or fusion of the joint.
Symptoms and Radiographic Changes in Regnauld/Oloff Classification
- Stage 1: No degeneration and absence of pain; limited dorsiflexion during weight-bearing activities.
- Stage 2: Flattening of the metatarsal head; presence of dorsal exostosis; pain at maximum range of motion.
- Stage 3: Asymmetrical narrowing of joint space; development of osteophytes, subchondral cysts, and sclerosis.
- Stage 4: Loss of range of motion equating to 1 cm; potential need for skin grafts.
Classification for Freiberg's Disease
- Smilie classification is used to categorize Freiberg's Disease.
Stages of Smilie Classification
- Stage 1: Fracture visible on MRI.
- Stage 2: Radiographs show dorsal collapse.
- Stage 3: Collapse of the dorsal metatarsal head with intact plantar aspect.
- Stage 4: Collapse of both dorsal and plantar aspects.
- Stage 5: Presence of joint space narrowing and arthritic changes.
5th Metatarsal Fracture Classifications
- Classifications include Stewart, Torg, and Chapman systems.
Published Articles on 5th Metatarsal Base Fractures
- Lawrence (1993): Differentiation between Jones fractures, diaphyseal stress fractures, and avulsion fractures.
- Shereff (1991): Indicates the apophysis fuses between 9-12 years; notes poor blood supply to the 5th metatarsal base, with nourishment primarily from the nutrient artery.
Stewart Classification System for 5th Metatarsal Fractures
- Type I: Extra-articular fracture at the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction (True Jones Fracture).
- Type II: Intra-articular avulsion fracture.
- Type III: Extra-articular avulsion fracture.
- Type IV: Intra-articular and comminuted fracture.
- Type V: Extra-articular avulsion fractures of the epiphysis, specific to children (Salter-Harris Type I fracture).
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