10 Questions
What is a consequence of decreased sense of taste and smell in cancer patients?
Reduced food intake
What is the primary consequence of impaired absorption in cancer patients?
Malnutrition and cachexia
What is a characteristic of metabolic abnormalities in cancer patients?
Hypoproteinemia
What is a common complication of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in cancer patients?
Gastrointestinal dysfunction
What is the primary cause of cachexia in cancer patients?
Metabolic abnormalities
What is a consequence of degraded metabolism in cancer patients?
Tissue destruction
What is a characteristic of cancer patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction?
Reduced food intake
What is a consequence of immunocompromise in cancer patients?
Increased risk of infections
What is a characteristic of metabolic pathways in cancer patients?
Abnormal energy metabolism
What is a consequence of organ dysfunction in cancer patients?
Reduced life expectancy
Study Notes
Biological Characteristics of Cancer Cells
- Cancer cells have unlimited reproduction capabilities.
- They secrete toxic and proteolytic enzymes.
- They can perform phagocytosis.
- They have motility, which enables them to metastasize.
- They lack cohesion, allowing them to pass into the lymph stream.
- They are immortal.
Stages of Cancer
- Stage 1: Precancerous cells
- Stage 2: Cancer cells
- Stage 3: Proliferation of cancer cells, resulting in metastasis
Risk Factors for Cancer
- Infections
- Radiation
- Immunosuppressive drugs
- Diet and nutrition
- Alcohol
- Cigarette smoking
Carcinogenesis and Nutrition
- Dietary fat can increase the risk of cancer
- Processes applied to fat, such as acrolein and malonaldehyde, can increase the risk of cancer
- Oxidation products can cause DNA damage and increase the risk of cancer
Metabolic Changes in Cancer
- Lipid metabolism: lipolysis increases, lipogenesis is reduced, and lipoprotein lipase activity is reduced
- Lipid metabolism: triglycerides increase, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) decreases, and venous glycerol increases
- Protein metabolism: whole body protein turnover increases, muscle protein synthesis is reduced, and tumor protein synthesis increases
- Glucose metabolism: glucose synthesis increases, and glucose tolerance and turnover are reduced
The Effect of Cancer on an Individual's Nutritional Status
- Anorexia: caused by peptides, oligonucleotides, and other metabolites produced by the tumor
- Negative nitrogen balance: nitrogen is retained by the tumor
Cachexia
- A metabolic state resulting from multiple metabolic disorders
- Characterized by weight loss, muscle breakdown, anorexia, asthenia, depression, and chronic nausea
- It is seen in 2/3 of malignant patients and is inversely correlated with survival and indicates poor prognosis
Test your knowledge of cancer cells' biological characteristics and the different stages of cancer development. Assess your understanding of the unique features of cancer cells and their progression.
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