COPY: Hallmarks of Cancer

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What is the main difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene?

A proto-oncogene can induce transformation of cells, while an oncogene cannot.

A proto-oncogene is a gene that can induce transformation of cells, while an oncogene is a gene that suppresses cell growth.

A proto-oncogene is a normal cellular gene, while an oncogene is a viral gene product. (correct)

A proto-oncogene is a viral gene product, while an oncogene is a normal cellular gene.

What is the main function of oncogenic viruses in cancer development?

They induce transformation of cells through their gene products. (correct)

They induce apoptosis in cancer cells.

They repair DNA mutations in cancer cells.

They stimulate the immune system to fight cancer.

What is genome instability and mutation in the context of cancer?

A phenomenon where cancer cells become resistant to chemotherapy.

A process that induces apoptosis in cancer cells.

A hallmark of cancer, characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. (correct)

A process that repairs DNA mutations in cancer cells.

How do cancer cells avoid the immune system?

By evading the immune system through various mechanisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a gene that can induce transformation of cells?

Oncogene Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the fourth stage of cancer (Stage IV)?

Cancer has spread to other sites in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of overcoming senescence and crisis, allowing indefinite cell division?

Immortalization Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the adoption of a fully cancerous phenotype?

Transformation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hallmarks of cancer framework?

To understand the underlying principles of cancer development. Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered the Rous sarcoma virus, a retrovirus that can cause cancer in chickens?

Peyton Rous Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of p53 and pRB in cells?

To regulate cell cycle progression and induce cell death when damage cannot be repaired Signup and view all the answers

How do most oncogenic viruses stimulate proliferative signaling?

By targeting key canonical pathways such as PI3K-AKT-mTOR, MAPK, Notch, and WNT Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of apoptosis in tissue homeostasis?

To maintain tissue function and prevent cell death Signup and view all the answers

Why do oncogenic viruses block apoptosis?

To prevent cell death due to innate immune signaling and damage responses Signup and view all the answers

How do oncogenic viruses evade immune destruction of infected cells?

By blocking innate immune pathways and adaptive immune responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of genome instability and mutation in host cells?

The development of cancer Signup and view all the answers

How do some oncogenic viruses alter the expression of host genes?

By integrating their genome into the host cell genome Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of chronic infection by some viruses such as HBV and HCV?

The creation of an environment that facilitates cell growth and division as well as mutation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of p53 in cancer development?

It is mutated in ~50% of cancers Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of cancer that is enabled by the integration of viral genomes into the host cell genome?

Genome instability and mutation Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of human cancers are caused by viral infections?

15-17% Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of oncogenic viruses?

They can establish persistent infections Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark of cancer?

Uncontrollable growth and spread of abnormal cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of cancer?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which oncogenic viruses promote cancer?

By promoting the action of viral proteins on the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is NOT an oncogenic virus?

Influenza virus Signup and view all the answers

What is a common property of oncogenic viruses?

They are all transmitted between humans Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why cancer is deadly?