Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT one of the three criteria that a hallmark of aging should ideally fulfill?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three criteria that a hallmark of aging should ideally fulfill?
The accumulation of cellular damage is considered a general cause of aging.
The accumulation of cellular damage is considered a general cause of aging.
True
What is meant by 'genomic instability' in the context of aging?
What is meant by 'genomic instability' in the context of aging?
Genomic instability refers to the accumulation of genetic damage throughout life that contributes to aging.
A major research target for aging-associated mutations is __________.
A major research target for aging-associated mutations is __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the hallmarks of aging with their descriptions:
Match the hallmarks of aging with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which hallmark of aging refers specifically to damage caused by decreased functionality of DNA repair mechanisms?
Which hallmark of aging refers specifically to damage caused by decreased functionality of DNA repair mechanisms?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most challenging criterion to achieve among the hallmarks of aging?
What is the most challenging criterion to achieve among the hallmarks of aging?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following are considered physiological sources of cellular damage that contribute to aging?
Which of the following are considered physiological sources of cellular damage that contribute to aging?
Signup and view all the answers
Laminopathies result from mutations in genes coding for nuclear lamins, leading to enhanced genomic stability.
Laminopathies result from mutations in genes coding for nuclear lamins, leading to enhanced genomic stability.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of telomeres in cellular aging?
What is the role of telomeres in cellular aging?
Signup and view all the answers
Deficiencies in _________ mechanisms can lead to accelerated aging.
Deficiencies in _________ mechanisms can lead to accelerated aging.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following concepts with their definitions:
Match the following concepts with their definitions:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason why we age and develop certain age-related diseases?
What is the primary reason why we age and develop certain age-related diseases?
Signup and view all the answers
The activity of the insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IIS) pathway increases with age.
The activity of the insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IIS) pathway increases with age.
Signup and view all the answers
What gene mutation is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease?
What gene mutation is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease?
Signup and view all the answers
The protein group associated with insulin-like growth factor 1 is primarily made by the ______.
The protein group associated with insulin-like growth factor 1 is primarily made by the ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following pathways with their primary functions:
Match the following pathways with their primary functions:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the mTOR pathway?
What is the role of the mTOR pathway?
Signup and view all the answers
Unwanted/misfolded proteins are always broken down by the cellular machinery.
Unwanted/misfolded proteins are always broken down by the cellular machinery.
Signup and view all the answers
What paradox is associated with the IIS pathway regarding aging?
What paradox is associated with the IIS pathway regarding aging?
Signup and view all the answers
The mTORC1 and mTORC2 are examples of ______ complexes.
The mTORC1 and mTORC2 are examples of ______ complexes.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary process by which damaged mitochondria are removed from cells?
What is the primary process by which damaged mitochondria are removed from cells?
Signup and view all the answers
NAD+ levels increase as the aging process progresses.
NAD+ levels increase as the aging process progresses.
Signup and view all the answers
What do senescent cells secrete that contributes to aging?
What do senescent cells secrete that contributes to aging?
Signup and view all the answers
The accumulation of death-resistant cells due to a weakened immune system leads to __________.
The accumulation of death-resistant cells due to a weakened immune system leads to __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
What term describes the process of programmed cell death that removes damaged cells?
What term describes the process of programmed cell death that removes damaged cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Stem cells have limited ability to change their epigenetic settings compared to normal cells.
Stem cells have limited ability to change their epigenetic settings compared to normal cells.
Signup and view all the answers
Name one negative effect of stem cell exhaustion.
Name one negative effect of stem cell exhaustion.
Signup and view all the answers
ROS damage mitochondrial DNA by affecting the proteins that control the production of __________.
ROS damage mitochondrial DNA by affecting the proteins that control the production of __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of increasing cellular senescence?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of increasing cellular senescence?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant result of stem cell exhaustion as we age?
What is a significant result of stem cell exhaustion as we age?
Signup and view all the answers
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be created from early-stage embryos.
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be created from early-stage embryos.
Signup and view all the answers
Who was awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of iPSCs?
Who was awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of iPSCs?
Signup and view all the answers
The process of increasing inflammation as a hallmark of aging is referred to as __________.
The process of increasing inflammation as a hallmark of aging is referred to as __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a consequence of increased NF-kB activity in aging?
Which of the following is a consequence of increased NF-kB activity in aging?
Signup and view all the answers
The signaling environment in the aging body tends to become less inflammatory.
The signaling environment in the aging body tends to become less inflammatory.
Signup and view all the answers
What does NF-kB regulate?
What does NF-kB regulate?
Signup and view all the answers
The hallmarks of aging include phenomena that occur in __________ aging.
The hallmarks of aging include phenomena that occur in __________ aging.
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the criteria for identifying the hallmarks of aging?
What is one of the criteria for identifying the hallmarks of aging?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Hallmarks of Aging
- Nine identifiable hallmarks of aging exist, primarily in mammals
- Each hallmark ideally manifests during normal aging, its exacerbation accelerates aging, and its amelioration retards aging and increases healthy lifespan.
- Cellular damage accumulates over time, which is a general cause of aging.
Genomic Instability
- Accumulation of genetic damage throughout life is a common aspect of aging.
- Premature aging diseases are often caused by increased DNA damage.
- Genomic instability happens in two ways: direct lesions/damage and DNA damage.
Direct Lesions/Damage
- DNA integrity is continually challenged by both exogenous (physical, chemical, biological threats) and endogenous (DNA replication errors, spontaneous hydrolytic reactions, and reactive oxygen species) threats.
- Damage to DNA includes point mutations, translocations, chromosomal gains and losses, telomere shortening, etc.
- Damage to essential genes can cause dysfunction, and subsequently cell damage.
- DNA repair mechanisms compensate for much of the direct damage. Telomere and mitochondrial DNA integrity must also be maintained.
Defects in the Architecture of the Cell Nucleus
- Nuclear lamins (type A and B) provide a structure for proteins regulating genomic instability.
Telomere Attrition
- Telomeres protect chromosome ends, are progressively shortened upon cell division.
- Telomere shortening = limited cell division capacity
- Telomerase = enzyme ensuring DNA replication at the telomeres, is not expressed in most mammalian cells
- Shelterin = protein complex preventing DNA repair mechanism from engaging with telomeres
- Telomere length correlates with lifespan.
Epigenetic Alterations
- Multiple epigenetic alterations contribute to the aging process.
- Histone modification variations exist between species.
- DNA methylation undergoes hypomethylation with age in most areas of the genome.
- Chromatin remodeling results in changes to chromatin architecture, and related to aging concerns about global loss of heterochromatin.
- Transcriptional errors and the production of excess mRNA are associated with aging.
Loss of Proteostasis
- The protein-producing machinery in cells falters and misfolded proteins accumulate.
- Misfolded proteins form aggregates.
- In normal circumstances, cells have machinery to break-down misfolded proteins, but aggregates tend to protect these from breakdown in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
Deregulated Nutrient Sensing
- Four important protein groups (IGF-1, mTOR, Sirtuins) influence nutrient sensing with aging.
- IGF-1 is made in response to growth hormone levels.
- mTOR regulates anabolic metabolism (creating new tissues/proteins) and is involved in sensing amino acids
- Sirtuins = a class of proteins, responsive to energy levels.
Cellular Senescence
- A state in which cells stop dividing, signaling chemicals, and potentially dangerous.
- Cells can undergo senescence due to replicated damage or excessive mitogenic signals.
- Senescent cells produce factors that encourage senescence in nearby cells, as well as inflammatory factors.
Stem Cell Exhaustion
- Stem cells are vital for tissue repair and have a declining capacity to repair tissues.
- Stem cells are affected by inflammatory factors and become exhausted with age.
Altered Intercellular Communication
- Inflammatory and age-related changes in chemical signaling between cells can cause issues with the immune system.
- The SASP (Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype) is a factor in altered intercellular communication in relation to inflammatory states.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the nine hallmarks of aging, their impact on lifespan, and the role of genomic instability in the aging process. This quiz delves into how DNA damage accumulates and affects cellular integrity, contributing to aging and age-related diseases.
