Molecular Hallmarks of Ageing

<p>It proposes a future with a significantly reduced period of suffering from age-associated diseases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecular, cellular and physiological changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A gradual decline in normal physiological functions and integrity, affecting biological systems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reduced ability to effectively deal with stress. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>We are an aging population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A global population where individuals aged 65 years or older surpasses the number of children (under age 18). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decline of tissue structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chance of both disease and death will increase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>761 million (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular senescence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They represent the cell's immediate response to damage which can have both positive and negative effects . (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its experimental aggravation should accelerate aging. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increased tendency to acquire inheritable genetic alterations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of proteostasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired cellular replication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular Senescence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deregulated Nutrient Sensing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect the ends of chromosomes from degradation and fusion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage to DNA, lipids, and proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accumulation of damage inflicted by reactive oxygen species (ROS). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of double-strand DNA breaks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Telomere length decreases with each cell division. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to UV light. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurons do not typically divide and therefore their telomeres do not shorten. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>11kb at birth, 4kb in old age (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining existing DNA methylation patterns during cell division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes in DNA methylation patterns that occur with age. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling the abundance, folding, and degradation of proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The capacity of PQC systems decreases, leading to an accumulation of misfolded proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Appearance of non-native protein aggregates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nearly half (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are specific locations used to estimate biological age based on methylation levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronological age is the number of years a person has lived, while biological age reflects the body’s functional state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They encompass genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, and loss of proteostasis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To predict the success of aging interventions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unstable regions that can lead to genome instability and mutations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine if the feature is directly involved in driving the aging process. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To degrade and remove damaged or misfolded proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A decreased ability to deal with stress, resulting in increased chance of disease and death. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The maximum length of time an organism is expected to survive, approximately 125 years for humans.

The average length of time an organism is expected to live, around 80 years in the UK.

The percentage of an individual's life spent in good health.

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.

Key features that define the ageing process at the molecular level.

The gradual decline in physiological functions and integrity over time.

The physiological processes that contribute to the decline in function with age.

The actual time a person has been alive, measured in years.

Key molecular-level changes that contribute to ageing.

The characteristics of biological ageing that reflect the overall health decline.

Increased vulnerability and reduced ability to maintain homeostasis due to ageing.

Conditions that become more prevalent as individuals age.

An increasing number of people aged 65 and over globally.

Highly reactive molecules causing DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and protein modification.

An imbalance between reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant defenses.

A theory that suggests ageing results from accumulated damage caused by ROS.

A type of DNA damage where both strands of the DNA double helix break.

A biomarker used to detect DNA damage and senescent cells.

Repetitive nucleotide sequences at chromosome ends, protecting them from decay.

A theory stating ageing is due to replication-dependent shortening of telomeres.

Research into how telomere shortening may affect cancer development.

A state with increased genetic alterations affecting normal cell function.

Shortening of telomeres leading to limited cell replication.

Changes in gene expression without altering DNA sequence.

Impairment in maintaining protein structure and function.

Impaired mitochondria leading to reduced energy production.

Inability to properly respond to nutrient levels.

State where cells stop dividing, impacting tissue function.

Depletion of stem cells leading to reduced tissue regeneration.

A DNA sequence that can change position within a genome, potentially causing mutations.

A process where methyl groups are added to DNA, affecting gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.

Changes in DNA methylation patterns as a result of ageing, which can influence gene expression.

An enzyme responsible for maintaining DNA methylation patterns during cell division.

A method that uses CpG sites in DNA to measure biological age compared to chronological age.

The process by which cells regulate the abundance and folding of proteins to maintain cell health.

Proteins that have not folded correctly, which can accumulate and disrupt cell function.

An individual's age based on biological markers rather than the calendar age.

Regions of DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide, crucial for methylation.

Cellular systems responsible for managing misfolded proteins to maintain proteostasis.