Halitosis and Oral Malodor Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is a potential cause of halitosis related to H.pylori infection?

  • Infection of periodontal tissues
  • Dietary factors
  • Increased oral prevalence of VSCs (correct)
  • Reduced saliva production

What was the foreign body (FB) identified in the patient with persistent halitosis?

  • Wood splinter
  • Metallic wire (correct)
  • Glass shard
  • Plastic piece

What effect does mechanical self-cleaning of the tongue have on halitosis?

  • Has no effect on halitosis
  • Increases oral malodor
  • Improves periodontal health
  • Reduces oral malodor (correct)

Which metabolic disease is NOT listed as a cause of halitosis?

<p>Asthma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What relationship was found between salivary concentrations of urea and uric acid in patients with halitosis?

<p>Higher in halitosis group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the association between oral malodor and periodontitis according to studies?

<p>They are commonly associated with each other (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the goal of using glycine powder air-polishing in periodontal treatment?

<p>To treat periodontitis and reduce halitosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is associated with halitosis?

<p>Disulfiram (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does chronic stress have on salivary microbiota?

<p>It increases production of volatile sulfur compounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is halitosis usually measured in organoleptic measurement?

<p>By placing a tube in the patient's mouth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was assessed in female university students regarding halitosis?

<p>Their self-perception and knowledge of halitosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the odor classification scoring range in organoleptic measurement?

<p>0 to 5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment option can be considered for halitosis of extraoral origin?

<p>Referral to a physician (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which essential oil was studied for its effects on oral bacteria?

<p>Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did continuous ingestion of champignon extract have on body odor?

<p>Decreased halitosis and body odor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do probiotics play according to recent studies?

<p>They help in the prevention of oral diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential correlation of halitosis mentioned in the literature?

<p>High alcohol intake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is associated with the role of saliva in oral malodor?

<p>Oral dryness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What microbial factor is associated with low odour versus malodorous individuals?

<p>Presence of anaerobic microflora (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which oral health measurement is linked to the presence of volatile sulphur compounds in mouth air?

<p>Gingival health status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a commonly suggested method for improving oral hygiene that may help with halitosis?

<p>Tongue brushing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic factor was used in the study to assess the association among bad breath?

<p>Body mass index (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of flora was assessed for contribution to oral malodor in one of the studies?

<p>Anaerobic microflora of the tongue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What morphological aspect was addressed in the research with respect to halitosis?

<p>Dorsal lingual surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gas chromatography primarily used for in the context of measuring malodor?

<p>To perform quantitative analysis of volatile sulfur compounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the Portable Sulfide Monitor?

<p>It measures volatile sulfur compounds in breath outside the lab. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major disadvantage of using gas chromatography for odor measurement?

<p>It requires specialized personnel and is expensive. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the BANA Test assist in diagnosing halitosis?

<p>It detects colored compounds from anaerobic bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of gas chromatography?

<p>Requires chemical reactions to function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs during the use of the Portable Sulfide Monitor?

<p>An electrochemical reaction yields an electric current proportional to sulfur levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined by the scale measuring odor intensity?

<p>Very strong malodor reaches a level of 5. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following gases is NOT typically analyzed by gas chromatography for malodor assessment?

<p>Carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are volatile sulfur compounds often associated with in the context of oral health?

<p>Halitosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method was evaluated for its efficacy in controlling oral malodor in the studies?

<p>Oil-based mouthrinse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT typically contribute to halitosis according to the literature?

<p>Regular dental check-ups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical method is used to evaluate oral malodor?

<p>Electronic nose system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the studies, which demographic showed a higher level of volatile sulfur compounds?

<p>Elderly individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of monitoring ammonia as discussed in the literature?

<p>To evaluate halitosis presence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of study was used to evaluate the microbial profile in halitosis?

<p>Clinical and microbiological study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'halitosis' refer to?

<p>Bad breath (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do volatile aromatic compounds play in halitosis formation?

<p>They contribute to the formation of halitosis alongside VSCs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with VSC production in the oral cavity?

<p>Increased Oxygen concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition does a patient not objectively exhibit halitosis despite their complaints?

<p>Pseudohalitosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subgroup of halitosis is transient and often occurs after sleep due to decreased salivation?

<p>Physiological halitosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is recommended for a patient with halitophobia?

<p>Education and reassurance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of halitosis can originate from both oral and extraoral sources?

<p>Genuine halitosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a psychological aspect associated with halitophobia?

<p>Belief in continuous oral malodor despite treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding extraoral halitosis?

<p>It may arise from the respiratory or other body systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSC)

Chemical compounds that contribute to bad breath (halitosis) due to their odor.

Halitosis

Persistent bad breath caused by various factors, including bacteria.

Tongue Coating

A buildup of bacteria and debris on the tongue that can lead to bad breath.

Oral Malodor Treatment

Methods used to reduce or eliminate bad breath, including mouth rinses and hygiene practices.

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Electronic Nose System

A technology used to clinically assess oral malodor by detecting smells similar to a human nose.

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Ammonia Monitoring

A technique to evaluate halitosis by measuring levels of ammonia in the mouth.

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Microbial Profile in Halitosis

The study of specific bacteria in the mouth that contribute to bad breath.

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Clinical Assessment

A systematic evaluation of the presence and severity of oral malodor.

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Oral Dryness

Lack of saliva which can lead to bad breath and discomfort.

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Anaerobic Microflora

Bacteria that thrive in low oxygen; can produce foul odors.

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Body Mass Index (BMI)

A measure of body fat based on height and weight, linked to halitosis.

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Mouth Disinfection

Process of cleaning the mouth to reduce bacteria and bad odor.

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Periodontal Disease

Disease affecting the gums that may lead to bad breath.

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Odor Detection Scale

A scale measuring the intensity of malodor from undetectable to very strong.

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Gas Chromatography

A method for quantitatively analyzing volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in gases.

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VSCs

Volatile sulfur compounds that cause bad odors, such as dimethyl sulfide.

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Oral ChromaTM

A portable gas chromatography device for measuring oral gases.

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Halimeter

A portable sulfide monitor for measuring VSCs in breath outside the lab.

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BANA Test

Test used to detect anaerobic bacteria and VSCs in diagnosing halitosis.

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Electrochemical Reaction

A reaction in the sulfide monitor that produces electric current based on sulfur levels.

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Indirect Measurement

Techniques that estimate substances without direct sampling, like BANA tests.

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H.pylori

A bacterium that might play a role in halitosis.

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FB in gastrointestinal system

Foreign body like metallic wire causing halitosis.

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Metabolic diseases causing halitosis

Conditions like diabetes and kidney failure linked to bad breath.

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Drugs causing halitosis

Certain medications can lead to bad breath as a side effect.

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Organoleptic measurement

A method to assess halitosis through smell evaluation.

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Salivary urea and uric acid

Increased levels linked to halitosis.

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Halitosis treatment options

Includes oral hygiene, H.pylori eradication, and specialty referrals.

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Pseudohalitosis

Condition where a patient believes they have halitosis, but others do not detect it.

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Halitophobia

Fear of having bad breath and being judged by others for it.

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Physiological Halitosis

Transitory bad breath typically occurring in the morning.

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Pathologic Halitosis

Genuine halitosis caused by underlying medical conditions.

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Extraoral Halitosis

Halitosis originating from outside the oral cavity, like the respiratory system.

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Oral Hygiene Education

Instructions and knowledge provided to improve oral care and reduce bad breath.

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Volatile Sulfur Compounds

Gases produced by bacteria in the mouth that can lead to halitosis.

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Oral Malodor

Unpleasant odor emanating from the oral cavity.

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Glycine Powder Air-Polishing

A dental procedure using glycine powder to clean teeth and reduce halitosis.

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Probiotics in Oral Health

Beneficial bacteria that may help prevent oral diseases and improve breath.

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Self-perception of Halitosis

Individual awareness and beliefs about their own bad breath.

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Essential Oils in Oral Care

Oils like Melaleuca alternifolia can inhibit growth of odor-causing bacteria.

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Study Notes

Halitosis and Oral Malodor

  • Halitosis is a multifactorial health problem, the most common reason for dental referrals after cavities and periodontal issues.
  • It significantly impacts psychological and social well-being.
  • The review covers halitosis types, causes, detection, and treatment methods.
  • Research targeted peer-reviewed articles in English and Turkish, using databases like PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Tubitak Ulakbim, along with manual literature review.
  • 4646 abstracts and 978 full-text articles were initially identified.
  • 124 full-text articles, after removing duplicates and those not in English/Turkish, were included.
  • Conventional methods are frequently used in diagnosis & treatment.
  • Dentists must analyze and treat oral issues causing malodor.
  • Proper oral hygiene (flossing, tongue cleaning, mouthwash and toothpaste) is essential.
  • Medical consultation is encouraged if problems persist.

Halitosis Formation and Classification

  • Halitosis, or bad breath, is an odor emanating from the oral cavity (or outside).
  • Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs) are key contributors.
  • Hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide are examples.
  • Other volatile aromatic compounds, organic acids, and amines are also involved.
  • VSC production depends on saliva, low oxygen conditions, bacterial reproduction, and metabolism.
  • Halitosis is classified into delusional (pseudohalitosis, halitophobia) and genuine types, further categorised as physiological (natural) or pathological (disease-related).
  • Pathological halitosis can either arise from the oral cavity or from extraoral sources (e.g., respiratory, gastrointestinal).
  • Pseudohalitosis: Patients perceive odor, but others do not.
  • Halitophobia: Patients fear having bad breath.
  • Physiological halitosis: Temporary, often associated with morning hyposalivation. Exogenous triggering factors such as alcohol and some foods can cause short-term halitosis.
  • Pathological halitosis: Oral diseases like periodontitis, cavities or tongue biofilm, poor oral hygiene, and extraoral issues (like respiratory problems) are associated.

Halitosis Determination and Measurement

  • Direct Measurement Techniques: include organoleptic, gas chromatography, and portable sulfide monitors.
  • Organoleptic: A simple method where the examiner assesses odor.
  • Gas Chromatography: Analyzes Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSC).
  • Portable Sulfide Monitors (like the Halimeter): Measures VSC levels in expired air.
  • Indirect Measurement Techniques: include BANA (Benzoyl-DL-arginine-a-Naphthylamide) test, chemical sensors, and beta-galactosidase activity quantification.
  • BANA Test: Identifies bacteria producing malodorous compounds.
  • Chemical Sensors, Electronic Nose : Measure gas components linked to breath odor.

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