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Questions and Answers
Which family of viruses includes the yellow fever virus?
Which family of viruses includes the yellow fever virus?
What common clinical manifestation is associated with haemorrhagic fevers?
What common clinical manifestation is associated with haemorrhagic fevers?
Which virus is primarily responsible for Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome?
Which virus is primarily responsible for Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome?
Where are cases of Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers predominantly reported?
Where are cases of Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers predominantly reported?
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Which of the following is NOT a common reservoir of haemorrhagic fever infections?
Which of the following is NOT a common reservoir of haemorrhagic fever infections?
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What impact is climate change expected to have on haemorrhagic fevers?
What impact is climate change expected to have on haemorrhagic fevers?
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Which virus is associated with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever?
Which virus is associated with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever?
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What type of climates are most haemorrhagic fevers commonly reported in?
What type of climates are most haemorrhagic fevers commonly reported in?
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What is a significant result of impaired liver function in individuals affected by hemorrhagic fever?
What is a significant result of impaired liver function in individuals affected by hemorrhagic fever?
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Which symptom is most commonly associated with severe forms of hemorrhagic fever?
Which symptom is most commonly associated with severe forms of hemorrhagic fever?
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What type of rash is described in Lassa hemorrhagic fever?
What type of rash is described in Lassa hemorrhagic fever?
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Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of yellow fever's first stage?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of yellow fever's first stage?
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What is a common method of indirect transmission for certain viruses?
What is a common method of indirect transmission for certain viruses?
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How long is the incubation period for Lassa hemorrhagic fever?
How long is the incubation period for Lassa hemorrhagic fever?
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Which virus is noted for having the ability to persist in a person's semen for an extended period?
Which virus is noted for having the ability to persist in a person's semen for an extended period?
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What immunological effect occurs due to T lymphocyte activation being inhibited in hemorrhagic fever?
What immunological effect occurs due to T lymphocyte activation being inhibited in hemorrhagic fever?
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Which clinical signs are typically seen in Ebola hemorrhagic fever?
Which clinical signs are typically seen in Ebola hemorrhagic fever?
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What is the vector responsible for the transmission of certain arboviruses such as Kyasanur virus?
What is the vector responsible for the transmission of certain arboviruses such as Kyasanur virus?
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In dengue infections, post-infection immunity protects against which of the following?
In dengue infections, post-infection immunity protects against which of the following?
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What is the result of the cytokine storm caused by macrophage infection in hemorrhagic fever?
What is the result of the cytokine storm caused by macrophage infection in hemorrhagic fever?
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Which virus can cause a more severe illness upon second infection due to a different serotype?
Which virus can cause a more severe illness upon second infection due to a different serotype?
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What is the primary immune response to yellow fever vaccination?
What is the primary immune response to yellow fever vaccination?
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After penetrating the host, where does a pathogen typically replicate before spreading throughout the body?
After penetrating the host, where does a pathogen typically replicate before spreading throughout the body?
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What is still uncertain regarding Ebola survivors ten years post-infection?
What is still uncertain regarding Ebola survivors ten years post-infection?
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What is a common symptom that reappears during the toxic phase of severe infections?
What is a common symptom that reappears during the toxic phase of severe infections?
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Which organ failure is most frequently associated with severe forms of yellow fever?
Which organ failure is most frequently associated with severe forms of yellow fever?
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What is a potential sequela for survivors of severe hemorrhagic fevers?
What is a potential sequela for survivors of severe hemorrhagic fevers?
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Which viral infection is primarily characterized by acute respiratory failure?
Which viral infection is primarily characterized by acute respiratory failure?
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In which group is the hemorrhagic form of dengue fever more commonly observed?
In which group is the hemorrhagic form of dengue fever more commonly observed?
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What is the typical mortality rate for severe forms of Ebola virus infection?
What is the typical mortality rate for severe forms of Ebola virus infection?
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Which of the following laboratory methods is used for confirming hemorrhagic fever?
Which of the following laboratory methods is used for confirming hemorrhagic fever?
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What typically causes death in hemorrhagic fevers?
What typically causes death in hemorrhagic fevers?
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What is the primary focus of treatment for hemorrhagic fever?
What is the primary focus of treatment for hemorrhagic fever?
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Which of the following is a recommended measure for patients with human-to-human transmission of hemorrhagic fever?
Which of the following is a recommended measure for patients with human-to-human transmission of hemorrhagic fever?
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What does successful correction of a hemorrhagic syndrome require?
What does successful correction of a hemorrhagic syndrome require?
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What are the two monoclonal antibody preparations mentioned for treating Ebola?
What are the two monoclonal antibody preparations mentioned for treating Ebola?
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Which method is NOT recommended for the prevention of vector-borne transmission of hemorrhagic fever?
Which method is NOT recommended for the prevention of vector-borne transmission of hemorrhagic fever?
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What is true regarding the prophylaxis of most hemorrhagic fevers?
What is true regarding the prophylaxis of most hemorrhagic fevers?
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What is the primary recommendation for yellow fever vaccination regarding immunosuppressed individuals?
What is the primary recommendation for yellow fever vaccination regarding immunosuppressed individuals?
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How frequently are boosters recommended for yellow fever vaccination in individuals with repeated exposure?
How frequently are boosters recommended for yellow fever vaccination in individuals with repeated exposure?
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Which symptom management method is appropriate in treating patients with hemorrhagic fever?
Which symptom management method is appropriate in treating patients with hemorrhagic fever?
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What role do vasopressors and oxygen therapy play in the treatment of hemorrhagic fever?
What role do vasopressors and oxygen therapy play in the treatment of hemorrhagic fever?
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What is the recommended administration schedule for the dengue fever vaccine?
What is the recommended administration schedule for the dengue fever vaccine?
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For which group is the Zabdeno-and-Mvabea Ebola vaccine recommended?
For which group is the Zabdeno-and-Mvabea Ebola vaccine recommended?
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What is a significant characteristic of the dengue fever vaccine's target population?
What is a significant characteristic of the dengue fever vaccine's target population?
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What is the vaccine Ervebo primarily used for?
What is the vaccine Ervebo primarily used for?
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What is the minimum age requirement for the Zabdeno-and-Mvabea vaccine?
What is the minimum age requirement for the Zabdeno-and-Mvabea vaccine?
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What does the yellow fever vaccine utilizing live attenuated virus provide?
What does the yellow fever vaccine utilizing live attenuated virus provide?
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Study Notes
Haemorrhagic Fever (HF)
- HF is a group of viral infections with varying epidemiological characteristics
- Clinical manifestation is haemorrhagic syndrome, often severe
- Aetiological agents are RNA genomic viruses, categorised into four families: Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Arenaviridae, Filoviridae
- Flaviviridae examples: yellow fever virus, dengue fever, Omsk and Kyasanur viruses
- Bunyaviridae examples: Nairovirus (Crimean-Congo HF), Phlebovirus (Rift Valley HF), Hantaviruses.
- Arenaviridae examples: Lassa (Lassa fever), Junin (Argentinean HF), Machupo (Bolivian HF), Guanarito (Venezuelan HF)
- Filoviridae examples: Ebola, Marburg
- Geographical distribution is varied and often linked to climate, with some endemic to Europe (Hantavirus Puumala, Crimean-Congo HF)
- Many HF cases are 'imported' by travelers returning from tropical areas, others are endemic in specific regions
- Climate change may increase HF cases through impact on animal reservoirs or vectors
- High risk areas: Africa, America (North, South, Central), Southeast Asia, and western Pacific islands
- Ebola, Marburg, and Lassa HF have been reported primarily in Africa
- Yellow fever is endemic in parts of Africa and South America, Crimean-Congo HF is in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.
Epidemiology
- Cases are often found in warm tropical or subtropical climates
- Distribution is varied, sometimes suggested by the disease's name or the etiological agent (the cause of the disease).
Pathogenesis
- Infection typically enters at the skin or mucosal level
- The virus infects dendritic cells
- Then, it moves to lymph nodes for systemic dissemination
- Infection of the liver impairs clotting factor production
- Damage to adrenal glands impacts blood pressure
- T-lymphocyte activation is inhibited, resulting in reduced immune response
- Macrophage infection leads to cytokine storm, causing vascular disruption.
Clinical Picture
- Incubation period varies from 3-7 days (most HF) to up to 21 days (Lassa, Marburg, Ebola)
- Symptoms are highly varied, ranging from asymptomatic or mild (fever & flu-like)
- Severe forms can include haemorrhagic syndrome (bruising, purpura), shock, and multiple organ failure (renal, hepatic, cardiovascular, central nervous system).
Treatment
- Support vital functions (fluid balance, shock correction), haemodynamic and respiratory support, and symptom management (e.g. antipyretics, antiemetics, analgesics)
- Isolation is recommended
- Antivirals are sometimes useable as treatment in some cases.
Prevention
- Avoid contact with animal reservoirs (e.g., rodents, primates, bats)
- Wear protective clothing and use insect repellents
- Use insect nets on windows and wards
- Medical professions need to follow isolation protocols and use appropriate PPE.
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Description
This quiz explores the various viral infections categorized as Haemorrhagic Fever (HF), including their clinical manifestations and aetiological agents. Participants will learn about the different families of viruses, geographical distributions, and the impact of climate change on HF cases. Test your knowledge on these severe and often fatal infections.
