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Questions and Answers
What is haemorrhage classified into?
What is haemorrhage classified into?
- Traumatic and non-traumatic bleeding
- Internal haemorrhage: bleeding within a body cavity or organ and External haemorrhage: bleeding from an open wound or body orifice (correct)
- Surgical and medical bleeding
- Internal and external bleeding
What is a cause of haemorrhage?
What is a cause of haemorrhage?
- Allergic reaction
- Nutritional deficiency
- Trauma (correct)
- Infection
What is a sign of internal haemorrhage?
What is a sign of internal haemorrhage?
- Fever
- Abdominal pain or tenderness (correct)
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Visible blood loss
What is used to diagnose haemorrhage?
What is used to diagnose haemorrhage?
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What is a treatment for haemorrhage?
What is a treatment for haemorrhage?
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What is given to a patient with haemorrhage?
What is given to a patient with haemorrhage?
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Study Notes
Definition and Classification
- Haemorrhage: bleeding or loss of blood from the blood vessels
- Classified into:
- Internal haemorrhage: bleeding within a body cavity or organ
- External haemorrhage: bleeding from an open wound or body orifice
Causes of Haemorrhage
- Trauma: injury to blood vessels
- Surgery: accidental damage to blood vessels during surgical procedures
- Bleeding disorders: e.g. haemophilia, thrombocytopenia
- Cancer: tumour invasion of blood vessels
- Vascular malformations: e.g. aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations
- Medications: e.g. anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents
Signs and Symptoms
- External bleeding: visible blood loss
- Internal bleeding:
- Abdominal pain or tenderness
- Vomiting blood or coffee ground emesis
- Black, tarry stools (melena)
- Pale, cool, or clammy skin
- Fast heart rate or palpitations
- Weakness, dizziness, or fainting
Diagnosis
- Physical examination
- Imaging studies: e.g. CT, MRI, ultrasound
- Laboratory tests: e.g. complete blood count, coagulation studies
Treatment
- Control bleeding: apply pressure, suturing, or ligation of blood vessels
- Fluid resuscitation: administration of IV fluids and blood products
- Surgical intervention: e.g. laparotomy, thoracotomy
- Medications: e.g. vasopressors, blood clotting factors
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