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What is the primary cause of macroscopic haematuria?
Not all instances of red urine indicate haematuria.
True
Name two renal parenchymal diseases that can lead to haematuria.
Glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis
Haematuria can be classified as _______ or _______ based on visibility.
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Which of the following is NOT a common renal cause of haematuria?
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All glomerular diseases associated with haematuria result in dysmorphic red blood cells.
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What does nephritic syndrome generally present with?
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Struvite stones are often associated with _______ infections.
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Match the following conditions to their associated symptoms:
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What common composition makes up 80% of urinary calculi?
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What is the most common primary tumor of the kidney?
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Renal cell carcinoma is typically diagnosed in early stages.
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List one risk factor for renal cell carcinoma.
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The survival rate for renal cell carcinoma confined to the kidney is approximately _____%.
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Which renal condition can lead to hematuria?
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Renal calculi can be located within the _____ pelvis.
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Males are at a higher risk than females for developing renal cell carcinoma.
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Match the following symptoms to renal cell carcinoma stages:
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What is the classic histologic appearance of renal cell carcinoma?
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What is a possible prognosis for renal cell carcinoma that has extended beyond the kidney?
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What is the commonest intra-abdominal tumour in children?
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Carcinoma of the renal pelvis arises from the glomerular lining of the kidneys.
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What is the prognosis for carcinoma of the renal pelvis primarily dependent on?
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Nephroblastoma has a survival rate of ___% with combination therapy.
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Match the renal causes of haematuria to their respective categories:
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Which of the following is a recognized aetiology for carcinoma of the renal pelvis?
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Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is a type of renal carcinoma.
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What term describes the phenomenon of multiple tumours occurring in the urinary tract?
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Hematuria may present early due to outflow __________ caused by a carcinoma.
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What percentage of all kidney tumours does carcinoma of the renal pelvis represent?
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Study Notes
Haematuria
- Presence of blood in the urine
- Can be macroscopic or microscopic
- Can be intermittent or persistent
- Common clinical presentation for patients with disease of the urinary tract: kidney to urethra
- Not all that is red is haematuria
- Causes of red urine can be from foods, medication, poisons, and actual haematuria
- Red blood cells can be normal or abnormal morphology
Renal Causes of Haematuria
- Renal parenchymal diseases affect glomeruli and tubules
- Renal calculi within the renal pelvis
- Neoplasms of renal parenchyma or pelvis
- Trauma
Glomerular Diseases Associated with Haematuria
- Can be macroscopic or microscopic
- Patients with glomerular diseases may present with:
- Isolated proteinuria
- Nephrotic Syndrome
- Macroscopic haematuria
- Microscopic haematuria
- Nephritic Syndrome
- Mixed proteinuria and haematuria
- Acute renal failure
- Chronic renal failure
- Systemic Hypertension
Nephritic Syndrome
- Acute onset haematuria
- Oliguria (especially in females older than 30 years)
Urolithiasis
- 80% are calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate
- Other types include struvite, uric acid, and cysteine
- Struvite is associated with repeated UTIs, proteus mirabilis, and staghorn calculi
Renal Neoplasia
- Renal cell carcinoma:
- Most common primary tumor of the kidney
- Typically presents late stage with haematuria, loin pain, flank mass
- Most common in patients older than 50 years
- More common in men than women
- Aetiology is unclear, but may be linked to tobacco smoking and genetic predisposition
- Prognosis:
- Confined to kidney: 70% 5 year survival
- Extended beyond kidney: 15-20% 5 year survival
Nephroblastoma
- Wilm's tumour:
- Most common intra-abdominal tumor in children
- 90% survival with combination therapy
Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvis
- 5-15% of all tumours of the kidney
- Arise from the urothelial lining of the renal pelvis
- Present early due to haematuria and features of outflow obstruction
- Aetiology: Analgesic abuse, thorotrast, calculi, tobacco
Other Renal Causes for Haematuria
- Tubulo-interstitial diseases
- Renal parenchymal infarcts
- Vascular diseases:
- Isolated to the kidney
- Part of a systemic vasculitic process, with renal involvement
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Description
This quiz explores the topic of haematuria, including its definitions, causes, and clinical implications related to renal health. It covers essential renal diseases, glomerular conditions, and various presentations linked to the presence of blood in urine. Test your understanding of how these conditions intertwine and affect renal function.
