Haematopoiesis and Stem Cells
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of a totipotent stem cell?

  • A stem cell that is restricted to a single lineage.
  • A stem cell that can divide to produce all cell types of an organism. (correct)
  • A stem cell that can divide into endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm.
  • A stem cell that can divide into multiple, restricted cell types.

    • What is the correct order of haematopoiesis?

  • Differentiated functional cell, self-renewal, developmental pathway, committed cells
  • Self-renewal, committed cells, developmental pathway, differentiated functional cell
  • Self-renewal, developmental pathway, committed cells, differentiated functional cell (correct)
  • Committed cells, developmental pathway, self-renewal, differentiated functional cell

    • What is a characteristic of red blood cells?

  • They have a nucleus
  • They are approximately 10 μm in diameter
  • They have a biconcave shape (correct)
  • They only respire anaerobically

    • Where does haematopoiesis occur in an adult?

    <p>In the interstitium between the medullary vascular sinuses of the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of old and damaged red blood cells?

    <p>They are removed by the liver and the spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of a normoblast?

    <p>5 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is false about red blood cells?

    <p>Red blood cells have a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a foetus, where does haematopoiesis occur?

    <p>Exclusively in the liver throughout intrauterine life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of an Eosinophil?

    <p>6-8μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of an Eosinophil?

    <p>Several days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of a platelet?

    <p>1-2μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules control red blood cell production?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of a macrophage?

    <p>Months/years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true?

    <p>Folate is important in reactions that enable vitamin B12 to function in thymidylate synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is false?

    <p>The lifespan of an erythrocyte is about 30 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of the majority of lymphocytes?

    <p>3-6 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of intrinsic abnormalities leading to anaemia?

    <p>Antibody mediated (rh disease, transfusion reactions)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct statement regarding red blood cell production?

    <p>The penultimate precursor is the normoblast, which has a loosely-condensed nucleus, which gets ejected, entering the blood as a reticulocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of a blood transfusion?

    <p>Blood Type Incompatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of Rh- pregnant women developing antibodies against?

    <p>D Antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a complication of blood transfusion?

    <p>Iron Overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type can safely receive Blood Type AB?

    <p>All blood types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical lifespan of eosinophils in tissues?

    <p>Several days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of red blood cells?

    <p>Biconcave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the spleen in relation to red blood cells?

    <p>Removal of old and damaged red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the stem cell recommended for Jane's stem cell transplantation?

    <p>Ability to divide into three cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Rh sensitization in an Rh- individual?

    <p>Haemolytic Disease in the next child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of eosinophils in the body?

    <p>Secrete major basic protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of totipotent stem cells in haematopoiesis?

    <p>To give rise to all cell types of an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During haematopoiesis, what is the stage at which cells become committed to a specific lineage?

    <p>Committed cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of red blood cells?

    <p>They are approximately 7 μm in diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which location does haematopoiesis occur in an adult?

    <p>The bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to old and damaged red blood cells?

    <p>They are removed by the liver and the spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of haematopoiesis in a foetus?

    <p>The liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do red blood cells obtain energy?

    <p>Through anaerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of normoblasts?

    <p>They mature into red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical diameter of an Eosinophil?

    <p>6-8μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for an Eosinophil to leave circulation once released from bone marrow?

    <p>Leave circulation within 4-6 h of release from bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical diameter of a platelet?

    <p>2-4μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a symptom of anaemia?

    <p>High blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct statement regarding red blood cell production?

    <p>The penultimate precursor is the normoblast, containing a highly condensed nucleus, most of the haemoglobin and few mitochondria and ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood groups contains A antigen on cells and β antibody in plasma?

    <p>B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true?

    <p>Folates are cofactors in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of anaemia involves a disturbance of proliferation and differentiation of erythroblasts?

    <p>Maturation defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?

    <p>60 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of treatments for anaemia, which of the following does folic acid treat?

    <p>Megaloblastic anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern for a pregnant woman with Rh- blood type?

    <p>Developing antibodies to the D antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of eosinophils in the body?

    <p>To secrete major basic protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical lifespan of red blood cells in the circulation?

    <p>Around 12 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct statement about iron deficiency anaemia?

    <p>It is characterised by an abnormally low red blood cell count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct statement about stem cells recommended for Jane's transplantation?

    <p>They can divide into either the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential complication of a blood transfusion for a patient with Blood Type AB?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct statement about Rh sensitization in an Rh- individual?

    <p>It can lead to Haemolytic Disease in the next child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct statement about blood type compatibility?

    <p>A patient with Blood Type AB can receive Blood Types A, B, AB, and O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct statement about eosinophils in tissues?

    <p>They have a lifespan of several days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct statement about the spleen's function in relation to red blood cells?

    <p>It plays a role in removing old and damaged red blood cells, among other functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Haematopoiesis

    • Haematopoiesis is the process by which blood cells are produced
    • Totipotent stem cells can divide to produce all cell types of an organism
    • The correct order of haematopoiesis is: self-renewal, committed cells, developmental pathway, differentiated functional cell

    Red Blood Cells

    • Red blood cells have a biconcave shape
    • Red blood cells are approximately 7 μm in diameter
    • Red blood cells only respire anaerobically
    • Old and damaged red blood cells are removed by the liver and the spleen
    • The lifespan of an erythrocyte is about 60 days

    Site of Haematopoiesis

    • Haematopoiesis in a foetus occurs exclusively in the liver throughout intrauterine life
    • In an adult, haematopoiesis occurs in the interstitium between the medullary vascular sinuses of the bone marrow

    Normoblasts

    • The diameter of a normoblast is 6-8 μm
    • Normoblasts are the penultimate precursor of red blood cells, which still have many mitochondria and ribosomes

    Eosinophils

    • The lifespan of an eosinophil is several days
    • Eosinophils leave circulation within 2-6 hours of release from bone marrow
    • Eosinophils levels increase during some allergic states such as asthma
    • Eosinophils have a bilobed nucleus

    Platelets

    • The diameter of a platelet is 1-2 μm

    Macrophages

    • The lifespan of a macrophage is days/weeks
    • Macrophages engulf aged and damaged erythrocytes

    Anaemia

    • Symptoms of anaemia include shortness of breath, dizziness, and weakness
    • Anaemia can be caused by a disturbance of proliferation and differentiation of erythroblasts
    • Folic acid treats megaloblastic anaemia
    • Intrinsic abnormalities leading to anaemia include hereditary defects of membrane lipids and proteins, enzyme deficiencies in glycolysis, and increased oxidative stress

    Red Blood Cell Production

    • Erythropoietin controls red blood cell production
    • Folate is important in reactions that enable vitamin B12 to function in thymidylate synthesis
    • Bilirubin is metabolized to stercobilin by bacteria

    Lymphocytes

    • The diameter of the majority of lymphocytes is 3-6 μm

    Blood Groups

    • A blood group contains A antigen on cells and β antibody in plasma
    • Rh sensitization can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or blood transfusions

    Blood Transfusions

    • Complications of blood transfusions include blood type incompatibility, transmission of infection, fever, and allergic reaction
    • Iron overload is not a complication of blood transfusions
    • Blood types A and O are compatible with AB blood type

    Haematopoiesis

    • Totipotent stem cells are capable of dividing to produce all cell types of an organism.
    • The correct order of haematopoiesis is: self-renewal, committed cells, developmental pathway, differentiated functional cell.

    Red Blood Cells

    • Red blood cells have a biconcave shape and are approximately 7 μm in diameter.
    • Red blood cells do not have a nucleus.
    • Red blood cells only respire anaerobically.
    • Old and damaged red blood cells are removed by the liver and the spleen.
    • The lifespan of a red blood cell is about 60 days.

    Haematopoiesis in Foetus and Adult

    • Haematopoiesis in a foetus occurs in the liver throughout intrauterine life.
    • Haematopoiesis in an adult occurs in the interstitium between the medullary vascular sinuses of the bone marrow.

    Normoblasts and Platelets

    • The diameter of a normoblast is 6-8 μm.
    • The diameter of a platelet is 2-4 μm.

    Eosinophils

    • The lifespan of an eosinophil is several days.
    • Eosinophils leave circulation within 2-6 hours of release from bone marrow.
    • Eosinophils have a horseshoe/kidney-shaped nucleus.

    Macrophages and Anaemia

    • The lifespan of a macrophage is months/years.
    • Anaemia is characterized by shortness of breath, dizziness, weakness, and yellow eyes.
    • Anaemia is not characterized by high blood pressure.

    Red Blood Cell Production

    • Erythropoietin is a molecule that controls red blood cell production.
    • Folate is important in reactions that enable vitamin B12 to function in thymidylate synthesis.
    • Bilirubin is metabolized to stercobilin by bacteria.

    Lymphocytes

    • The diameter of the majority of lymphocytes is 6-9 μm.

    Anaemia and Blood Transfusions

    • Maturation defects are a type of anaemia that involves a disturbance of proliferation and differentiation of erythroblasts.
    • Hereditary defects of membrane lipids and proteins are an example of intrinsic abnormalities leading to anaemia.
    • Folic acid treats megaloblastic anaemia.
    • The correct statement regarding red blood cell production is: the penultimate precursor is the normoblast, which has a loosely-condensed nucleus, which gets ejected, entering the blood as a reticulocyte.

    Blood Groups

    • Blood group A contains A antigen on cells and β antibody in plasma.
    • Rh sensitization can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or blood transfusions.

    Blood Transfusions and Complications

    • Blood type incompatibility, transmission of infection, and fever are potential complications of blood transfusions.
    • Iron overload is not a complication of blood transfusions.
    • A patient with blood type AB can safely receive blood types A, B, AB, and O.

    Eosinophils and Parasitic Infections

    • Eosinophils are involved in parasitic infections such as malaria.
    • Eosinophils have a lifespan of several days in tissues.
    • Eosinophils secrete major basic protein.

    Red Blood Cell Count

    • Red blood cells are biconcave discs that increase the surface area and allow deformation.
    • Old and damaged red blood cells are removed from circulation by the liver and the spleen.
    • Red blood cells have a lifespan of around 60 days circulating in the blood.

    Stem Cells

    • Totipotent stem cells are able to divide into either the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
    • Pluripotent stem cells are able to divide into either the endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm.
    • Stem cell transplantation is used to replace damaged stem cells in the body.

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    Quiz about haematopoiesis, including totipotent stem cells and their roles in the development of different cell types.

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