CVR Haematology

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Questions and Answers

What role does fibrin play in the initial stages of hemostasis?

It converts prothrombin into thrombin.

It activates platelets to enhance their response.

It directly triggers the coagulation cascade.

It forms a stable mesh around platelets. (correct)

How does prothrombin relate to thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

Thrombin can revert prothrombin back into its original state.

Prothrombin is converted into thrombin during the cascade. (correct)

Thrombin is the inactive form of prothrombin.

Prothrombin is produced by activated clotting factors.

Which statement is true about clotting factors?

Most clotting factors are synthesized as zymogens. (correct)

Clotting factors are activated by exposure to tissue factors.

Zymogens are essential for breaking down fibrin.

Clotting factors are always in an active form.

What is the primary function of GM-CSF in myeloid cell development?

Myeloid cell maturation Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of thrombin's action on fibrinogen?

Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the coagulation cascade in hemostasis?

It activates clotting factors to form a stable plug. Signup and view all the answers

What does EPO primarily signal for in the body?

Increase in red blood cell production Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is used to collect bone marrow from the iliac crest?

Bone marrow aspirate Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is expected to be more abundant in a healthy bone marrow sample?

Myeloid cells Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated if liquid bone marrow cannot be drawn during the aspirate procedure?

Need for a bone marrow biopsy Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of thrombopoietin in the body?

Signal for increased platelet production Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a healthy bone marrow sample based on cellular development?

More myeloid cells than lymphoid cells Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of a healthy bone sample consists of haematopoietic tissue?

50% Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the formation of granulocytes?

Granulopoiesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following changes occur in white blood cells during granulopoiesis?

Their nucleus becomes more compact Signup and view all the answers

What structural change occurs to the nucleus as blood cells develop?

Changes shape Signup and view all the answers

What appears in the cytoplasm during granulopoiesis?

Granules Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of a healthy bone marrow sample besides fat?

Haematopoietic tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of band cells in the blood?

They are a type of immature white blood cell Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about granulocyte development is true?

Granules increasingly fill the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the size of blood cells during their development?

They shrink Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of hemostasis?

To stop bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What role do platelets play during hemostasis?

They form a temporary plug at the injury site Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fibrin in the hemostasis process?

To form a mesh around platelets Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to blood vessels (BV) immediately after an injury?

They constrict Signup and view all the answers

What protein assists platelets in adhering to the exposed collagen of a damaged blood vessel?

Von Willebrand Factor (VWF) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the temporary plug formed by platelets when healing occurs?

It breaks down Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the initial response of platelets to blood vessel injury?

Platelets aggregate at the site Signup and view all the answers

In what sequence does hemostasis proceed after blood vessel injury?

Constriction, platelet plug formation, fibrin mesh Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for blood vessels to constrict immediately after an injury?

To reduce blood loss temporarily Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the hemostasis process once healing is completed?

Temporary plugs are removed Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of mature red blood cells (RBCs)?

120 days Signup and view all the answers

Which factors are mentioned as beneficial for red blood cell development?

Iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid Signup and view all the answers

Where do red blood cells (RBCs) typically mature before entering the bloodstream?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What happens to hemoglobin when red blood cells break down?

Iron and amino acids are reused. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of red blood cell development after leaving the bone marrow?

Reticulocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which organs are involved in breaking down old red blood cells?

Spleen, liver, and bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What component of the red blood cells is primarily recycled after their breakdown?

Amino acids and iron Signup and view all the answers

How long after leaving the bone marrow do red blood cells typically enter the bloodstream?

12-24 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the role of macrophages in red blood cell breakdown?

They break down old red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

What condition might arise if there is insufficient folic acid in the diet?

Anemia Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Haematology

Haematology is the study of blood
Adults have approximately 7% of their body weight as blood

Haematopoiesis and Haemostasis

Blood is comprised of plasma (55%) and cellular components (45%)
Haematopoiesis is the process where blood cells are created
It begins in the yolk sac, spleen, and liver, and later in the bone marrow of the cranium, pelvis, ribs, and vertebra in adults.
Bone marrow is a supportive environment for stem cells to grow
Cells found in the niche include macrophages, fibroblasts, and fat cells
Key growth factors include Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSFs), such as Multi-CSF (IL-3), and GM-CSF (Granulocyte macrophage), EPO (Erythropoietin), and TPO (Thrombopoietin) for different cell types.

Blood Cell Types

Different types of blood cells have specific functions
- Red blood cells: oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
- Platelets: haemostasis (blood clotting)
- White blood cells: protection against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

Haematopoiesis (More detail)

Myeloid lineage cells include neutrophils and monocytes
Lymphoid lineage cells include lymphocytes
Abnormalities in blood cell counts (e.g., anaemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis) can indicate various health conditions.

Examinations

Bone marrow aspiration involves extracting a small sample of bone marrow tissue for analysis.
Bone marrow biopsy is used to obtain a larger sample when aspiration is not possible
Healthy samples show a mix of cells at various development stages, with myeloid cells being more dominant than lymphoid.

Granulopoiesis

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) develop and differentiate in the bone marrow.
Mature granulocytes have distinct granules in their cytoplasm

Thrombopoiesis

Platelets are produced by megakaryocytes
Platelets are essential for blood clotting (haemostasis)
The process involves nuclear and cytoplasmic growth in megakaryocytes; cytoplasm then splitting into numerous platelets.

Erythropoiesis

Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates red blood cell production
Iron and other essential nutrients are crucial for red blood cell production,
Red blood cells have a lifespan of approximately 120 days.
Aged or damaged red blood cells are broken down in the liver and spleen.

Full Blood Count (FBC)

FBC measures different components of blood, including red and white blood cells, platelets
Important parameters: RBC, WBC, platelets, hemoglobin Abnormalities can indicate various clinical conditions

Haemostasis

A process of stopping bleeding
It involves platelets forming a temporary plug, followed by fibrin making the plug stronger
The process is crucial for preventing excessive blood loss

Coagulation and Regulation

Clotting factors activated via the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways.
The coagulation cascade activates special proteins called clotting factors.
Several processes regulate blood clotting to avoid excessive clotting (e.g., healthy blood vessels release prostacyclin and nitric oxide).

Blood Disorders

Thrombocytopenia: Decreased platelet count, causing increased bleeding tendencies
Thrombosis: Formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC): A condition where excessive clotting throughout the body occurs.

Tests

Various tests (e.g., bleeding time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time) assess blood clotting abilities.

Haemophilia

Genetic disorder affecting blood clotting factors.

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Description

Explore the fascinating field of haematology, which focuses on the study of blood and its components. This quiz covers the essentials of haematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells, and the different types of blood cells and their functions. Deepen your understanding of the crucial roles blood plays in the human body.