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Questions and Answers

An object moves in a circle with constant speed. How is the acceleration vector oriented?

  • Tangent to the circular path, in the direction of motion.
  • Toward the center of the circular path. (correct)
  • Away from the center of the circular path.
  • Tangent to the circular path, opposite the direction of motion.

Under constant acceleration, what best describes the behavior of an object's velocity?

  • Velocity increases exponentially with time.
  • Velocity increases linearly with time. (correct)
  • Velocity decreases linearly with time.
  • Velocity remains constant.

If a runner's position is constant over a period of time, which statement is true of their velocity during that same period?

  • The average velocity is zero. (correct)
  • The average velocity is positive and constant.
  • The velocity varies in a non-linear fashion.
  • The average velocity cannot be determined.

A car accelerates from rest to $20 \frac{m}{s}$ in 5 seconds. What is the average acceleration of the car?

<p>$4 \frac{m}{s^2}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The slope of a position vs. time graph represents which quantity?

<p>Velocity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the area under a velocity vs. time curve represent?

<p>Displacement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a position vs. time plot where the position is described by $x(t) = 3t^2 + 2t + 1$. What is the instantaneous velocity at time $t = 2$?

<p>14 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An object's acceleration is described by the function $a(t) = 4t$. If the object starts from rest, what is the object's velocity at $t = 3$?

<p>18 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A car accelerates at a constant rate of $10 rac{m}{s^2}$ on a straight track of 20 meters leading to a ravine. To clear the ravine, the car needs a minimum speed of $40 rac{m}{s}$ at the end of the track. What is the minimum initial velocity, $v_0$, required for the car to successfully clear the ravine?

<p>$34.6 rac{m}{s}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Car #3 has a velocity described by the function $v_3 = \alpha t^5$, where $\alpha = 0.2 rac{m}{s^6}$. What is Car #3's acceleration, $a_3$, as a function of time?

<p>$5\alpha t^4 rac{m}{s^2}$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A car is navigating an icy road that forms a quarter circle with a radius of 30 meters. If the car accelerates faster than $14 rac{km}{hour \cdot second}$, it will slide. Under these conditions, what is the shortest time the car can complete the turn without sliding?

<p>4.36 s (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bob is standing on the ground observing an airplane, a balloon, and a car on a windy day. Which of the following introduces relative motion considerations?

<p>The wind affecting the balloon. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A car starts from rest and accelerates at a constant rate of $5 m/s^2$ for a distance of 10 meters. What is the car's final velocity?

<p>$10 m/s$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An object's velocity is given by $v(t) = 3t^2 + 2t$. What is the object's acceleration at $t = 2$ seconds?

<p>$14 m/s^2$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A car moves around a circular track with a radius of 50 meters. If the car's maximum acceleration is $4 m/s^2$, what is the maximum possible speed the car can maintain without sliding off the track?

<p>$14.14 m/s$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A plane is flying north at $200 m/s$ relative to the air. If there is a wind blowing east at $50 m/s$, what is the magnitude of the plane's velocity relative to the ground?

<p>$206.16 m/s$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using Bob's measurements, what is the y-component of the plane's velocity relative to Bob?

<p>$-90 \frac{m}{s}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If $\vec{v}{p/B}$ represents the plane's velocity relative to Bob, and $\vec{v}{c/B}$ represents the car's velocity relative to Bob, which of the following expressions gives the plane's velocity relative to the car, $\vec{v}_{p/c}$?

<p>$\vec{v}<em>{p/c} = \vec{v}</em>{p/B} - \vec{v}_{c/B}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the x-component of the plane's velocity relative to the car?

<p>$60 \frac{m}{s}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the plane's velocity relative to the car is $\vec{v}_{p/c} = 60 \frac{m}{s}\hat{i} - 70 \frac{m}{s}\hat{j}$, what is the angle the plane's velocity makes with respect to the x-axis, according to the car?

<p>$arctan(\frac{7}{6})$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cannon is fired at an angle of $10^{\circ}$ with respect to the ground and is a distance $D = 50$ meters away from a wall. If the cannonball hits the wall straight on, what does this imply about the vertical component of the cannonball's velocity at the moment of impact?

<p>The vertical component of the velocity is zero. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cannonball is fired at a wall 50 meters away with an angle of $10^{\circ}$. What kinematic condition must be met for the cannonball to hit the wall 'straight on'?

<p>The vertical component of the velocity must be zero at impact. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cannonball is fired towards a wall. Assuming the cannonball hits the wall 'straight on', what can be inferred about the relationship between the launch angle $\theta$ and the velocity components at the time of impact?

<p>The launch angle $\theta$ and the initial velocity must be precisely calibrated so that gravity reduces the vertical component to zero at the wall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cannon is positioned 50 meters away from a wall that is 10 meters high. The cannonball is fired at an angle of $10^{\circ}$ relative to the ground and hits the wall 'straight on.' Which statement is most accurate?

<p>The initial speed and launch angle are interdependent; changing one requires adjusting the other to ensure the cannonball hits the wall 'straight on'. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Circular Motion Acceleration

Acceleration in circular motion is the speed squared divided by the radius.

Direction of Acceleration in Circular Motion

Points towards the center of the circular path.

Velocity Formula (Constant Acceleration)

Velocity as a function of time with constant acceleration.

Position Formula (Constant Acceleration)

Position as a function of time with constant acceleration.

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Derivative Definition

The rate of change of a function; slope of the function plot.

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Integral Definition

Summation of many very small terms; area under a curve.

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Average Velocity

Change in position divided by change in time.

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Average Acceleration

Change in velocity divided by the change in time.

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Cartesian Coordinate System (Navigation)

A coordinate system where North is the y-direction and East is the x-direction.

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Relative velocity notation: Vp/B

Velocity of object p as observed from object B.

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Relative Velocity Formula

The velocity of one object relative to another is the difference between their velocities relative to a common reference point.

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Equation for Plane's Velocity Relative to Car

$\vec{v}{p/c} = \vec{v}{p/B} - \vec{v}_{c/B}$

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Angle of a Vector

The angle a vector makes with the x-axis.

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Formula to Find Angle from Components

$\theta = arctan(\frac{y}{x})$

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Projectile Motion

Motion of an object projected into the air, subject only to gravity.

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Launch Angle (Projectile Motion)

The angle at which a projectile is launched relative to the horizontal.

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Minimum Initial Velocity ($v_0$)

The minimum starting speed needed to reach a final speed ($v_f$) over a distance D with constant acceleration (a).

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Instantaneous Acceleration

The rate of change of velocity with respect to time.

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Acceleration Function

The rate at which velocity changes; derivative of $v(t)$.

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Maximum Velocity on a Curve

The maximum speed achievable on a curve without sliding, dictated by the centripetal acceleration and radius.

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Minimum Time for a Turn

The time required to complete a quarter-circle turn at the maximum possible speed without sliding.

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Centripetal Acceleration

The acceleration directed towards the center of the circular path, necessary to keep an object moving in a circle.

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Relative Velocity

The apparent velocity of an object as observed from a specific point of view (frame of reference).

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Vector Notation

A way to represent physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction, like velocity and force.

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Study Notes

  • Answers without work receive no points.

Circular Motion

  • Acceleration in circular motion is related to the speed (v) of the object and radius (R) of the circle by the formula: a = v²/R
  • The direction of the acceleration vector in circular motion is towards the center of the circular path.

Kinematic Equations: Constant Acceleration

  • Velocity as a function of time with constant acceleration: v(t) = at + v₀
  • Position as a function of time with constant acceleration: r(t) = (1/2)at² + v₀t + r₀

Calculus Definitions

  • Derivative: It is the ratio of two very small quantities, or the slope of a plot.
  • Integral: It is the summation of many very small terms (infinite number of infinitesimal things) or the area under a curve of a plot.

Kinematic Plots Problem

  • A runner's motion is analyzed using a position vs. time graph.
  • The average velocity of the plot is 0.
  • Velocity at t = 5s is -2.5 m/s.
  • Velocity at t = 15s is 5 m/s.
  • The average acceleration is 0.125 m/s².

1-D Motion Problem

  • Scenario: A car accelerates at a constant rate of 10 m/s² towards a ravine 20 meters away, with a ramp at the end.
  • The car needs a minimum speed of 40 m/s to clear the ravine; the minimum initial velocity, v₀, needed is calculated.
  • Calculated minimum initial velocity: v₀ = 34.6 m/s.
  • A third car has a velocity defined as a function of time; Its acceleration is determined given v₃ = αt⁵, where α = 0.2 m/s⁶.
  • Car #3's acceleration as a function of time: a₃ = 5αt⁴

Circular Motion on Icy Road

  • Problem: A car makes a turn on an icy road shaped like a quarter circle with a radius of 30 meters.
  • The car slides if it accelerates faster than a = 14 km/(hour*second).
  • The task involves finding the shortest time the car could make this turn in seconds.
  • Time = 4.36 s

Relative Velocity and Vector Notation

  • Bob observes an airplane, a balloon, and a car on a windy day, using a Cartesian coordinate system.
  • North is the y-direction, East is the x-direction.

Provided velocities

  • Airplane: vₚ/ʙ = 80î - 90ĵ m/s
  • Balloon: vb/ʙ = 10î m/s
  • Car: vc/ʙ = 20î - 20ĵ m/s
  • The plane's velocity relative to the car: vₚ/c = 60î - 70ĵ m/s
  • The angle of the plane's velocity relative to the car, measured from the x-axis: θ = 49.4°

Projectile Motion Problem

  • A cannon is 50 meters from a wall that is 10 meters high. The cannonball is fired at an angle of 10° with the ground.
  • The initial speed the cannonball needs to hit the wall straight on is 53.6 m/s.

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