Special Senses: Smell and Taste
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Questions and Answers

Which region of the nasal cavity is responsible for detecting chemicals for the sense of smell?

  • Olfactory bulb
  • Olfactory epithelium (correct)
  • Paranasal sinus
  • Nasal septum

    • What are the specialized neurons that detect odorants in the nasal cavity called?

  • Basal cells
  • Receptor proteins
  • Olfactory bulb neurons
  • Olfactory sensory neurons (correct)

    • What do odorants bind to in order to produce smell sensations?

  • Basal cells
  • Support cells
  • Olfactory receptor proteins (correct)
  • Nasal tissue

    • Which cells in the olfactory epithelium are responsible for replacing damaged olfactory sensory neurons?

    <p>Basal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensations do general senses detect?

    <p>Large area sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of special senses makes them different from general senses?

    <p>Special senses are localized to specific organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ions cause the salty taste sensation when they enter gustatory cells?

    <p>Na+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the sour taste sensation in gustatory cells?

    <p>Presence of H+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules activate the sweet taste receptors in gustatory cells?

    <p>Glucose and its analogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of molecules are primarily responsible for bitter taste sensations?

    <p>Alkaloids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary substance that activates umami taste receptors?

    <p>L-glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for carrying taste sensations from the anterior third of the tongue?

    <p>Facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to taste sensations over time?

    <p>They often decrease due to adaptation and dilution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which accessory structure is primarily responsible for protecting the eye from foreign particles?

    <p>Eyelids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is conjunctivitis commonly referred to as?

    <p>Pink eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures produce tears that wash away foreign particles from the eye?

    <p>Lacrimal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do excess tears flow after washing over the surface of the eye?

    <p>Lacrimal punctum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve connects to taste buds located in the posterior two-thirds of the tongue?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taste sensation might stimulate a gag reflex to avoid poisons?

    <p>Bitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure do the lacrimal puncta lead to?

    <p>Lacrimal canaliculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for moving the eye upwards?

    <p>Superior rectus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature helps the oblique muscles to rotate the eye effectively?

    <p>Trochlea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outermost layer of the eye called?

    <p>Fibrous tunic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cornea do?

    <p>Allows light to enter the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure connects the lens to the ciliary body?

    <p>Suspensory ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the eye is responsible for photoreception?

    <p>Retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the iris in the eye?

    <p>To adjust the pupil size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the fovea located?

    <p>In the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the lacrimal sac?

    <p>To drain tears into the nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is NOT involved in rotating the eye?

    <p>Sternocleidomastoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the superior oblique muscle contracts?

    <p>Eye rotates laterally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the ciliary body?

    <p>To change the shape of the lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure acts as a transition between the sclera and cornea?

    <p>Corneal limbus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outermost layer of the retina primarily composed of?

    <p>Photoreceptor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by damage to the blood vessels in the retina due to diabetes?

    <p>Diabetic retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cavity of the eye is filled with vitreous humor?

    <p>Posterior cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the aqueous humor in the anterior cavity?

    <p>To maintain intraocular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that allows the lens to change its shape for focusing?

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when light is not properly focused on the retina due to the shape of the eye?

    <p>Myopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lens as a person ages that can impair vision?

    <p>Becomes stiffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the retina contains ganglion cells?

    <p>Ganglion layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the bending of light as it enters the eye?

    <p>The cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes emmetropia from other vision states?

    <p>It implies perfect clarity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of high intraocular pressure?

    <p>Glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the ciliary muscles play in vision?

    <p>They control the shape of the lens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may result from changes in the vitreous humor?

    <p>Retinal detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes blur and distortions in vision associated with astigmatism?

    <p>Irregularity in the cornea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of bacteria invading the middle ear?

    <p>Middle ear infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is typically necessary to address otitis media in babies?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ear infection is often referred to as swimmer's ear?

    <p>Otitis externa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protective response reduces the movement of ossicles in response to loud sounds?

    <p>Tympanic reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the inner ear contains the receptors for hearing?

    <p>Spiral organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the basilar membrane in the cochlea?

    <p>To separate different sound frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the inner hair cells of the basilar membrane are vibrated?

    <p>They release neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions influx into hair cells during depolarization due to sound vibrations?

    <p>Calcium and potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the auditory system localize sound in space?

    <p>By timing comparisons of sound arrival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary fluid within the membranous labyrinth?

    <p>Endolymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cochlear nucleus in the pons project to next?

    <p>Superior olivary nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristics of sound are determined by the frequency of hair cell firing?

    <p>Pitch and loudness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure acts as a protective element against loud sounds by partially immobilizing ossicles?

    <p>Tensor tympani muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the inferior colliculus in the auditory pathway?

    <p>It transmits signals to the auditory cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the vestibular system, what do the maculae detect?

    <p>Linear acceleration and head position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hair cells in the maculae to bend when the head tilts?

    <p>Gravity on the otoliths within the gelatinous membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the semicircular canals in the vestibular system?

    <p>Detect rotational movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the vestibular system help maintain gaze during head movement?

    <p>Through the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to sensations after spinning around and then stopping?

    <p>The brain misinterprets continued spinning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of membrane do hair cells in the cristae of the semicircular canals reside within?

    <p>Gelatinous membrane called the cupula.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological reaction occurs when hair cells bend in response to movement?

    <p>Opening of potassium channels and depolarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the brain coordinates movement based on vestibular information?

    <p>Cerebellum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens as a result of extensive decussation in the auditory pathway?

    <p>Equal processing of sounds in both cortices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells connect the photoreceptors to the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina?

    <p>Bipolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the ear contains hair cells that transduce sound stimuli?

    <p>Organ of Corti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls the shape of the lens in the eye?

    <p>Ciliary body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of basal cells in the olfactory sensory neuron system?

    <p>To replace damaged olfactory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the auditory system is involved in equilibrium?

    <p>Semicircular canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sensitivity of the sense of olfaction change with age?

    <p>It gradually becomes less sensitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What membrane in the cochlea marks the end of the scala tympani?

    <p>Round window</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is responsible for the elevation of the upper eyelid?

    <p>Levator palpebrae superioris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves is associated with the olfactory system?

    <p>Olfactory nerve (I)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cAMP play in olfactory signal transduction?

    <p>It opens cation channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure contains the calcium carbonate crystals involved in balance in the inner ear?

    <p>Otolithic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that allows the olfactory system to become less responsive to a continuous odor?

    <p>Olfactory adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)?

    <p>Project visual signals to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the inner ear is responsible for interpreting sound waves?

    <p>Organ of Corti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is primarily involved in processing olfactory information?

    <p>Temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the retina is responsible for the highest visual acuity?

    <p>Fovea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in taste buds are responsible for the detection of tastants?

    <p>Gustatory receptor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five known primary tastes recognized in gustation?

    <p>Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor cells are responsible for the sense of taste?

    <p>Gustatory receptor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do salty and sour tastes trigger gustatory receptor cells?

    <p>Through ion channels that leak cations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus help establish in the body?

    <p>Circadian rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average lifespan of gustatory receptor cells?

    <p>10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensory system is associated with specific organ structures like vision and hearing?

    <p>Special sense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is referred to as the white of the eye?

    <p>Sclera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to olfactory receptor neurons when they are damaged?

    <p>They are replaced by new ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows gustatory receptor cells to increase their detection of chemicals?

    <p>Gustatory hairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do olfactory signals differ from other sensory signals?

    <p>They do not synapse with the thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between olfaction and memory/emotion?

    <p>Smells can trigger strong emotional memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fovea centralis in vision?

    <p>It provides high cone density for detailed vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does binocular vision enhance our perception?

    <p>It combines the visual fields of both eyes for depth perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the optic chiasm in visual processing?

    <p>To separate visual information from both eyes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily makes up the outer ear?

    <p>The pinna and external auditory canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the pitch of a sound?

    <p>The frequency of the sound waves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the tympanic membrane?

    <p>To vibrate in response to sound waves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the middle ear to the throat for pressure equalization?

    <p>Eustachian tube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of conductive hearing loss?

    <p>Impairment of soundwave transmission to the inner ear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the process of hearing?

    <p>The vibration of air molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of vision, how is information processed in the brain?

    <p>In a lateralized manner across the brain hemispheres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the auditory ossicles?

    <p>To amplify and transmit vibrations to the oval window.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain primarily receives and processes visual information?

    <p>Occipital lobe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of equilibrium does the inner ear help to detect?

    <p>Static and dynamic equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of improper functioning of the tympanic membrane?

    <p>Loss of balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically causes myopia?

    <p>An eye length that is too long</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hyperopia commonly referred to as?

    <p>Far-sightedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of visual aid can correct myopia and hyperopia?

    <p>Glasses that add layers to refract light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the dark current in photoreceptor cells?

    <p>Cells remain depolarized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to retinal when it absorbs a photon?

    <p>It converts to trans-retinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of retinal isomerase after photobleaching?

    <p>To convert trans-retinal back to cis-retinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are rods more sensitive to light than cones?

    <p>Rods can continuously photobleach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to photoreceptors in bright light conditions?

    <p>They become hyperpolarized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration for rods to reach full sensitivity in darkness?

    <p>30 to 40 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom do individuals experience upon waking up in bright conditions?

    <p>Photobleaching of rod receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins do rods use to detect light?

    <p>Rhodopsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does phototransduction primarily occur in rods and cones?

    <p>Via chemical reactions triggered by light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the repolarization of photoreceptor cells in light conditions?

    <p>Closure of sodium channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of olfactory sensory neurons?

    <p>To detect odorants in the nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the molecules that activate our sensations of smell?

    <p>Odorants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the olfactory system contains the olfactory sensory neurons?

    <p>Olfactory epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells within the olfactory epithelium support the structure of the tissue?

    <p>Supporting cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which area of the body are olfactory receptor proteins mainly located?

    <p>Dendrites of olfactory sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the salty taste sensation in gustatory cells?

    <p>Dissociation of NaCl into Na+ and Cl- ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sweet, bitter, and umami tastes primarily differ from salty and sour tastes?

    <p>They bind to protein receptors without entering the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules typically activate umami receptors in gustatory cells?

    <p>Amino acids, particularly L-glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the facial and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves in taste sensation?

    <p>They transmit taste sensations from the tongue to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protective function do the eyelids serve for the eye?

    <p>They block particles and prevent abrasions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the lacrimal canaliculus?

    <p>It drains tears into the lacrimal sac.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating and retracting the upper eyelid?

    <p>Levator palpebrae superioris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is responsible for the adjustment of the lens to focus light on the retina?

    <p>Ciliary body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye is primarily involved in photoreception?

    <p>Retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the iris?

    <p>To adjust light entering the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the eye is primarily vascularized and supplies blood to the eyeball?

    <p>Vascular tunic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of basal cells in the olfactory sensory neurons?

    <p>To regenerate and replace olfactory sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve carries olfactory information to the olfactory bulb?

    <p>Olfactory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon explains the initial strong perception of an odor that diminishes over time?

    <p>Negative feedback mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taste sensation is activated by sodium ions entering the gustatory receptor cells?

    <p>Salty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do gustatory receptor cells in taste buds play?

    <p>Responding to chemical stimuli and activating sensory nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components of the retina?

    <p>Photoreceptors, ganglion cells, bipolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may result from diabetes affecting the retina?

    <p>Diabetic retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ciliary body in vision?

    <p>To change the shape of the lens for focusing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lens as a person ages?

    <p>It becomes stiffer and less responsive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from the retinal detachment?

    <p>Permanent blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance primarily fills the posterior cavity of the eye?

    <p>Vitreous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurs when light is not properly focused on the retina?

    <p>Refraction error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the vitreous humor in the eye?

    <p>Keeps the retina pressed against the walls of the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of myopia?

    <p>The eye is too long from anterior to posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by difficulty focusing on near objects due to an eye that is too short?

    <p>Hyperopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of retinal isomerase in phototransduction?

    <p>To convert trans-retinal back to cis-retinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does photobleaching lead to in the context of rod function?

    <p>Cessation of the dark current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the dark current, what is the membrane potential of receptor cells?

    <p>-30mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of visual system operates during high light intensity conditions?

    <p>Photopic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'dark current' refer to?

    <p>The flow of sodium ions into the photoreceptor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the rods in the retina compared to cones?

    <p>More sensitive to light and best for low-light conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the rods in bright light conditions?

    <p>They are continuously photobleached and inactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the nasal cavity is primarily responsible for detecting odors?

    <p>Olfactory epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do olfactory sensory neurons play in the sense of smell?

    <p>They detect odorants through their dendrites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of cells in the olfactory epithelium are responsible for maintaining its structure?

    <p>Supporting cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to chemicals that cause sensations of smells and odors?

    <p>Odorants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to olfactory sensory neurons when they are damaged?

    <p>They are replaced by basal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the depolarization of gustatory receptor cells in response to salty taste?

    <p>Sodium ions (Na+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule specifically activates umami taste receptors?

    <p>L-glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of proteins are activated by sweet, bitter, and umami tastants in gustatory cells?

    <p>G proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the cranial nerves VII and IX play in taste sensation?

    <p>They carry taste signals to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure does each lacrimal punctum lead to?

    <p>Lacrimal canaliculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for laterally rotating the eye in opposition to the superior oblique muscle?

    <p>Inferior oblique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the eye adjusts the amount of light entering by controlling the pupil size?

    <p>Iris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the ciliary body in the eye?

    <p>Adjusting lens shape for focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the eye contains the blood vessels that supply nutrients to the eyeball?

    <p>Vascular tunic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the suspensory ligaments of the eye?

    <p>Holding the lens in place and shaping it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the retina is responsible for photoreception?

    <p>Neural layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the aqueous humor in the anterior cavity of the eye?

    <p>Maintaining intraocular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the sensitivity of the sense of olfaction as a person ages?

    <p>It gradually becomes less sensitive due to decreased turnover of olfactory neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from the stiffening of the lens with age?

    <p>Presbyopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of feedback mechanism occurs in olfactory neurons after action potentials are generated?

    <p>Inhibition that blocks the ion channels contributing to action potentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ciliary body control in the lens of the eye?

    <p>The thickness and shape of the lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major visually impairing condition may result from high intraocular pressure?

    <p>Glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do gustatory receptor cells communicate the presence of different tastes?

    <p>By responding to specific chemicals that stimulate them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure converts light stimulation into action potentials in the retina?

    <p>Photoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of gustatory receptor cells?

    <p>Approximately 10 days, after which they regenerate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which response correctly identifies the known primary tastes?

    <p>Salty, bitter, sweet, sour, savory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does light refract as it enters the eye?

    <p>It is refracted at each interface between different substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is a retinal detachment?

    <p>The retina falls away from the walls of the eye.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the retina contains the first-order sensory neurons?

    <p>Inner nuclear layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What visual effect does emmetropia describe?

    <p>Normal, clear vision without defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from an eye that is too long from anterior to posterior?

    <p>Myopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which visual aid is commonly used to correct myopia?

    <p>Contact lenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to sodium channels in photoreceptor cells when light is detected?

    <p>They close, preventing an influx of Na+ and Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when the retinal molecule detaches from the opsin pigment?

    <p>Photobleaching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein do rods use to detect light?

    <p>Rhodopsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of guanylyl cyclase (GC) in the phototransduction cascade?

    <p>To synthesize cGMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation occurs in the visual system during prolonged exposure to bright light?

    <p>Rods become less sensitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the initial change of retinal when it absorbs a photon?

    <p>It converts from 11-cis-retinal to 11-trans-retinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take for rods to regain full light sensitivity after exposure to darkness?

    <p>30 to 40 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nasal cavity contains olfactory sensory neurons?

    <p>Olfactory epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of basal cells in the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>They replace damaged olfactory sensory neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the sense of taste in gustatory cells?

    <p>Chemical molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes olfactory receptor proteins?

    <p>They bind to odorants on sensory neuron dendrites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ions causes depolarization in gustatory cells for a salty taste sensation?

    <p>Na+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taste is primarily recognized through the binding of L-glutamate to specific receptors?

    <p>Umami</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is responsible for carrying taste sensations from the posterior two-thirds of the tongue?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells do sweet, bitter, and umami tastes primarily activate through their binding mechanisms?

    <p>Gustatory receptor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly referred to as pink eye, which affects the inner surface of the eyelids?

    <p>Conjunctivitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure do the lacrimal canaliculi drain into?

    <p>Lacrimal sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for laterally rotating the eye?

    <p>Lateral rectus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the iris in the eye?

    <p>To regulate the amount of light entering the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the superior and inferior oblique muscles during vertical eye movements?

    <p>They move in opposite directions to counteract vertical movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye transitions between the sclera and the cornea?

    <p>Corneal limbus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the eye is responsible for supplying blood to the eyeball?

    <p>Vascular tunic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is primarily responsible for the drainage of tears from the eye?

    <p>Nasolacrimal duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by damage to the blood vessels in the retina due to diabetes?

    <p>Diabetic retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fluid fills the anterior cavity of the eye?

    <p>Aqueous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process allows the lens to change shape for proper focusing?

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of high intraocular pressure in the eye?

    <p>Glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lens fibers as an individual ages?

    <p>They become discolored and cloudy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inner layer of the retina primarily composed of?

    <p>Ganglion cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of basal cells in the olfactory system?

    <p>They replace damaged olfactory sensory neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes distortions or blurriness in vision known as astigmatism?

    <p>Irregular shape of the cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye is responsible for maintaining its overall shape and preventing distortion?

    <p>Vitreous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is responsible for the detection of salty tastes by gustatory receptor cells?

    <p>Ion channels that leak cations into cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vision is described by the term emmetropia?

    <p>Normal vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does age affect the olfactory system's sensitivity?

    <p>It decreases the ability of basal cells to replace neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taste sensation is not among the five known primary tastes?

    <p>Fruity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to olfactory receptor response over time when exposed to a constant odor?

    <p>The receptor cells lose responsiveness and may stop firing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition occurs when the eye is too long from anterior to posterior, causing blurriness at the retina?

    <p>Nearsightedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does hyperopia (far-sightedness) have on vision?

    <p>Close objects are out of focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of phototransduction in the vision process?

    <p>Converting light into electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is used by rods to detect purple light?

    <p>Rhodopsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to retinal when it undergoes photobleaching?

    <p>It becomes 11-trans-retinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of retinal isomerase in the photoreceptor cells?

    <p>It converts trans-retinal back to cis-retinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take for the rods to regain full sensitivity in darkness?

    <p>30 to 40 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason cones are less useful in low light conditions compared to rods?

    <p>They are less sensitive to light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to sodium channels in the absence of light?

    <p>They open, causing depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of taste sensation is primarily associated with the presence of L-glutamate?

    <p>Umami</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is responsible for salty and sour taste sensations in gustatory cells?

    <p>Direct entry of ions through specific channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are activated when sweet, bitter, or umami tastants bind to gustatory receptor cells?

    <p>G protein-coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential evolutionary reason for the bitterness taste response in humans?

    <p>To recognize poisonous substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is NOT involved in carrying taste sensations?

    <p>Optic nerve (II)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do olfactory sensory neurons primarily detect?

    <p>Chemical odorants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the olfactory epithelium assist in maintaining its structure?

    <p>Supporting cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are sensations of smell activated?

    <p>By chemicals inhaled through the nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of olfactory receptor proteins?

    <p>To bind with odorants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do basal cells play in the olfactory sensory neurons?

    <p>They serve as stem cells to replace damaged olfactory neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sense of smell differ from the other senses in terms of brain processing?

    <p>It bypasses thalamic filtering and connects directly to the cerebral cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism for detecting salty tastes in gustatory receptor cells?

    <p>Leaking of cations through ion channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the olfactory sensory neurons as a person ages?

    <p>Their rate of replacement decreases, reducing sensitivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are gustatory receptor cells structured to enhance their function?

    <p>They have taste hairs that increase surface area for chemical detection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the lacrimal canaliculus in tear drainage?

    <p>It conducts tears to the lacrimal sac.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the eye is primarily responsible for photoreception?

    <p>Neural tunic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ciliary body?

    <p>To adjust the lens for focusing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the eye forms the border between the sclera and cornea?

    <p>Corneal limbus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the iris control the amount of light entering the eye?

    <p>By constricting or dilating the pupil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure leads excess tears into the nasal cavity?

    <p>Nasolacrimal duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary substance found in the anterior cavity of the eye?

    <p>Aqueous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition resulting from diabetic damage to the retina's blood vessels?

    <p>Diabetic retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that enables the lens to change shape for focusing?

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for normal vision with no refractive errors?

    <p>Emmetropia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which humor in the eye is responsible for maintaining its shape and preventing distortion?

    <p>Vitreous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can occur if the cornea is not perfectly rounded?

    <p>Astigmatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of aging on the lens of the eye?

    <p>Clouding of the lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure helps to protect the eye from foreign particles?

    <p>Conjunctiva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when light is refracted by the cornea and lens?

    <p>The image appears upside-down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the focus of an image falling short of the retina?

    <p>Myopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the retina is responsible for sensory transduction of light?

    <p>Rods and cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of dark current on photoreceptor cells?

    <p>Depolarization of photoreceptor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the retinal molecule during photobleaching?

    <p>It detaches from rhodopsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for converting trans-retinal back to cis-retinal?

    <p>Retinal isomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take for rods to fully adapt to darkness?

    <p>30 to 40 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason rods are often inactive during the day?

    <p>They are continuously photobleached</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein do cones use to detect color in vision?

    <p>Photopsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sense of smell uniquely differ from other special senses?

    <p>It does not undergo thalamic filtering before reaching the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the sensitivity of olfactory neurons as a person ages?

    <p>Sensitivity decreases due to a lower turnover rate of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the taste buds are responsible for sensing different primary tastes?

    <p>Gustatory receptor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of gustatory receptor cells in the taste buds?

    <p>10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary mechanism is responsible for the salty taste sensation?

    <p>Dissociation of NaCl into Na+ and Cl- ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taste sensation is specifically activated by the amino acid L-glutamate?

    <p>Umami</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the facial and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves play in taste perception?

    <p>They carry taste sensations to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bitter taste in relation to food intake?

    <p>To avoid the ingestion of potentially toxic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of saliva affect taste sensations over time?

    <p>It dilutes and washes away taste compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do olfactory receptor proteins play in the sense of smell?

    <p>They detect chemicals and produce sensations of smell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the olfactory sensory neurons?

    <p>They are specialized neurons embedded in the olfactory epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells in the olfactory epithelium support the structure and function of olfactory sensory neurons?

    <p>Supporting cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substances are considered stimulants for our chemical senses of smell and taste?

    <p>Odorants and molecules from food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the general senses?

    <p>They provide sensation throughout multiple areas of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lacrimal canaliculus?

    <p>To drain tears from the eye to the lacrimal sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is responsible for controlling the amount of light entering the eye?

    <p>Iris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the oblique muscles assist in eye movement?

    <p>They rotate the eye in coordination with the rectus muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the rods and cones located within the eye?

    <p>Retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ciliary body primarily do?

    <p>Adjusts the shape of the lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in myopia?

    <p>The eye is too long, causing images to blur at the retina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hyperopia, which of the following is true?

    <p>The eye is too short, leading to poor near vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During sensory transduction in the retina, what happens to sodium channels in the presence of light?

    <p>Sodium channels close causing repolarization of photoreceptor cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of photobleaching in phototransduction?

    <p>It leads to the formation of trans-retinal which initiates signaling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does retinal isomerase play after photobleaching?

    <p>It converts trans-retinal back to cis-retinal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes the scotopic and photopic systems?

    <p>Scotopic vision is suited for low light conditions using rods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting membrane potential of photoreceptor cells in the absence of light?

    <p>-30mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take for rods to reach full light sensitivity after moving from bright light to darkness?

    <p>30 to 40 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluid in the anterior cavity of the eye helps maintain its shape?

    <p>Aqueous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the loss of vision due to damage to retinal blood vessels linked with diabetes?

    <p>Diabetic retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of high intraocular pressure within the eye?

    <p>Glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lens of the eye as a person ages that affects vision?

    <p>It becomes cloudier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the retina contains the photoreceptor cells?

    <p>Outermost layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes light to be bent as it enters the eye?

    <p>Cornea and lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may develop if the vitreous humor changes and the retina detaches?

    <p>Retinal detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes normal, clear vision without defects in focus or refraction?

    <p>Emmetropia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Special Senses

    • Stars are spies of heaven (Hawaiian proverb)
    • Special senses are localized to specific organs/tissues, unlike general senses
    • Smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation) are chemical senses
    • Olfaction occurs in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity, containing olfactory sensory neurons
    • Olfactory sensory neurons detect odorants via olfactory receptor proteins
    • Olfactory pathway includes olfactory nerves, bulb, and tracts connecting to primary olfactory cortex and limbic system
    • Olfactory discrimination is the ability to distinguish between different odors, genes code for receptor proteins
    • Olfactory pathway is unique as it does not use thalamus
    • Gustation involves chemical detection in the oral cavity
    • Tongue contains papillae with taste buds containing gustatory receptor cells
    • Gustatory receptor cells have taste hairs (microvilli) to detect chemicals
    • Gustatory receptor cells have lifespan of 10 days, replaced by basal cells
    • Five primary tastes: sour, salty, sweet, bitter, and umami (savory)
    • Salty and sour tastes are detected by ion channels, while sweet, bitter, and umami tastes involve binding to protein receptors
    • Taste sensations gradually decrease due to dilution and adaptation
    • Olfaction and Gustation work together

    Vision

    • Eyes are located within the bony orbits of the skull
    • Accessory structures like eyelids, eyebrows, and lacrimal apparatus protect the eye
    • Tears produced by lacrimal glands wash away foreign particles
    • Extrinsic muscles move the eye for focus
    • Eye has three layers: fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and neural tunic
    • Fibrous tunic includes sclera (white of eye) and cornea (transparent)
    • Vascular tunic includes choroid (vascular layer), ciliary body (changes lens shape), and iris (controls pupil size)
    • Lens, in conjunction with ciliary body, accommodates for focusing
    • Anterior cavity contains aqueous humor to maintain eye shape
    • Posterior cavity contains vitreous humor to maintain eye shape
    • Refraction of light occurs as it passes through cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor
    • Myopia ("nearsightedness") occurs when eye is too long, hyperopia ("farsightedness") when eye is too short
    • Retina contains photoreceptors (rods and cones)
    • Rods are more sensitive to light, cones detect color
    • Phototransduction converts light into neural signals (action potentials)
    • Image is inverted and projected onto retina

    Hearing and Equilibrium

    • Ear detects sound, static, and dynamic equilibrium
    • Outer ear funnels sound waves to tympanic membrane
    • Middle ear has auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) to transmit vibrations to oval window
    • Inner ear contains bony labyrinth (filled with perilymph) and membranous labyrinth (filled with endolymph)
    • Cochlea detects sound via hair cells on basilar membrane
    • Hair cell movement triggers action potentials in vestibulocochlear nerve
    • Vestibular system detects static and dynamic equilibrium in utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals
    • Static equilibrium in vestibule detected via maculae
    • Dynamic equilibrium (rotation) detected in semicircular canals via cristae
    • Hearing loss can be conductive or sensorineural

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    Explore the fascinating world of special senses, focusing on olfaction and gustation. Learn how the olfactory and gustatory systems function, from the detection of odors and tastes to the unique pathways involved. Test your knowledge on the chemical senses and their specific organs.

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