Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of gustatory cells?
What is the primary function of gustatory cells?
- Detect texture of food
- Regenerate taste receptor cells
- Transduce taste signals (correct)
- Support taste bud structure
Which cranial nerve innervates the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Which cranial nerve innervates the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
- Facial nerve (CN VII) (correct)
- Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
- Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
- Vagus nerve (CN X)
Which type of papillae is primarily involved in tasting and is found on the anterior margin of the tongue?
Which type of papillae is primarily involved in tasting and is found on the anterior margin of the tongue?
- Circumvallate papillae
- Filiform papillae
- Fungiform papillae (correct)
- Foliate papillae
Which type of gustatory cell responds specifically to sour stimuli?
Which type of gustatory cell responds specifically to sour stimuli?
What is the life span of a taste receptor cell approximately?
What is the life span of a taste receptor cell approximately?
How do tastants interact with gustatory receptor cells?
How do tastants interact with gustatory receptor cells?
Which of the following tastes is specifically stimulated by chemical salts?
Which of the following tastes is specifically stimulated by chemical salts?
What structural feature distinguishes circumvallate papillae from other types?
What structural feature distinguishes circumvallate papillae from other types?
What role do basal cells serve in taste buds?
What role do basal cells serve in taste buds?
Which cranial nerve innervates the epiglottis and lower pharynx?
Which cranial nerve innervates the epiglottis and lower pharynx?
Which type of gustatory cells are responsible for sensing salty tastes?
Which type of gustatory cells are responsible for sensing salty tastes?
What primarily causes the perception of sour taste?
What primarily causes the perception of sour taste?
Which type of taste receptor is activated by amino acids, especially glutamate?
Which type of taste receptor is activated by amino acids, especially glutamate?
Which gustatory cells respond to bitter tastes and how many differing receptors do they contain?
Which gustatory cells respond to bitter tastes and how many differing receptors do they contain?
Which taste is influenced by olfactory receptors in addition to primary taste receptors?
Which taste is influenced by olfactory receptors in addition to primary taste receptors?
What is the myth associated with the taste bud tongue map proposed in 1901?
What is the myth associated with the taste bud tongue map proposed in 1901?
Which cell type is NOT associated with the activation of GPCR for taste perception?
Which cell type is NOT associated with the activation of GPCR for taste perception?
Which layer of the eye includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid?
Which layer of the eye includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid?
What flavor does the chemical group linked to alkaloids represent?
What flavor does the chemical group linked to alkaloids represent?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the protective structures of the eye?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the protective structures of the eye?
What is the primary role of the conjunctiva?
What is the primary role of the conjunctiva?
Which component of visible light is defined as the distance between two wave peaks?
Which component of visible light is defined as the distance between two wave peaks?
What structure is responsible for producing sebum to prevent tear overflow?
What structure is responsible for producing sebum to prevent tear overflow?
Which part of the eye does the conjunctiva NOT cover?
Which part of the eye does the conjunctiva NOT cover?
What is the anatomical term for the space between the eyelids?
What is the anatomical term for the space between the eyelids?
What type of epithelium makes up the conjunctiva?
What type of epithelium makes up the conjunctiva?
Which characteristic of a photon is represented by the amplitude of light waves?
Which characteristic of a photon is represented by the amplitude of light waves?
What is the primary role of lacrimal fluids?
What is the primary role of lacrimal fluids?
What is the primary function of the ciliary body?
What is the primary function of the ciliary body?
Which structure is responsible for the intake of light into the eye?
Which structure is responsible for the intake of light into the eye?
What happens to the lens when the ciliary muscles are contracted?
What happens to the lens when the ciliary muscles are contracted?
Where are rods primarily located within the retina?
Where are rods primarily located within the retina?
Which of the following best describes the function of the iris?
Which of the following best describes the function of the iris?
What is the role of the retinal pigment epithelial cells?
What is the role of the retinal pigment epithelial cells?
What is the effect of high convergence in terms of visual acuity?
What is the effect of high convergence in terms of visual acuity?
During accommodation, what occurs for distant vision?
During accommodation, what occurs for distant vision?
Which type of light does rhodopsin in rods primarily respond to?
Which type of light does rhodopsin in rods primarily respond to?
Which of the following accurately describes the blind spot in the retina?
Which of the following accurately describes the blind spot in the retina?
What is the primary reason for differences in color perception?
What is the primary reason for differences in color perception?
What physiological process allows the eye to adjust to low light conditions?
What physiological process allows the eye to adjust to low light conditions?
Which structure acts as the gelatinous fluid filling the posterior cavity of the eye?
Which structure acts as the gelatinous fluid filling the posterior cavity of the eye?
What occurs in the neural layer of the retina?
What occurs in the neural layer of the retina?
Which type of papillae is primarily responsible for texture perception rather than taste?
Which type of papillae is primarily responsible for texture perception rather than taste?
What type of gustatory cell serves as the stem cell within the taste buds?
What type of gustatory cell serves as the stem cell within the taste buds?
What is the structural feature of circumvallate papillae that distinguishes them from other types?
What is the structural feature of circumvallate papillae that distinguishes them from other types?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating the posterior one-third of the tongue?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating the posterior one-third of the tongue?
What is the lifespan of a taste receptor cell?
What is the lifespan of a taste receptor cell?
What activates the depolarization in Type II gustatory cells responsible for sweet taste?
What activates the depolarization in Type II gustatory cells responsible for sweet taste?
Which gustatory cell type is primarily responsible for sensing salty tastes?
Which gustatory cell type is primarily responsible for sensing salty tastes?
Which type of cell in the gustatory system transduces sweet and umami tastes?
Which type of cell in the gustatory system transduces sweet and umami tastes?
Which mechanism is involved in the perception of sour flavors?
Which mechanism is involved in the perception of sour flavors?
What phenomenon do gustatory signals primarily add dimensions to, influencing our taste experience?
What phenomenon do gustatory signals primarily add dimensions to, influencing our taste experience?
What taste receptor cell type is associated with a diverse range of bitter taste stimuli?
What taste receptor cell type is associated with a diverse range of bitter taste stimuli?
Which papillae type functions mostly during infancy and early childhood but is less developed in adults?
Which papillae type functions mostly during infancy and early childhood but is less developed in adults?
Where do axons of gustatory sensory neurons project after contacting the gustatory cells?
Where do axons of gustatory sensory neurons project after contacting the gustatory cells?
What misconception was popularized by D. Hänig's 1901 publication regarding taste perception?
What misconception was popularized by D. Hänig's 1901 publication regarding taste perception?
What do the gustatory microvilli of gustatory cells primarily interact with?
What do the gustatory microvilli of gustatory cells primarily interact with?
What role do olfactory receptors play in taste perception?
What role do olfactory receptors play in taste perception?
Which taste is specifically linked to amino acids like glutamate?
Which taste is specifically linked to amino acids like glutamate?
Which statement is true regarding Type III gustatory cells?
Which statement is true regarding Type III gustatory cells?
What is the main purpose of the tarsal glands located in the eyelids?
What is the main purpose of the tarsal glands located in the eyelids?
Which layer of the eye is responsible for providing structural support and includes the sclera and cornea?
Which layer of the eye is responsible for providing structural support and includes the sclera and cornea?
How does the conductive path of light affect our vision?
How does the conductive path of light affect our vision?
What role do goblet cells play in the conjunctiva?
What role do goblet cells play in the conjunctiva?
What is the primary function of the lacrimal apparatus?
What is the primary function of the lacrimal apparatus?
What characteristic of visible light is determined by its wavelength?
What characteristic of visible light is determined by its wavelength?
Which two parts make up the conjunctiva?
Which two parts make up the conjunctiva?
What does the amplitude of light waves represent?
What does the amplitude of light waves represent?
Which structures primarily cushion the eye within the orbit of the skull?
Which structures primarily cushion the eye within the orbit of the skull?
What forms the continuous lining over the external surface of the eye?
What forms the continuous lining over the external surface of the eye?
What is the role of the lacrimal gland in eye function?
What is the role of the lacrimal gland in eye function?
Which structure provides the main protective function for the eye?
Which structure provides the main protective function for the eye?
What is the principal function of the ciliary body?
What is the principal function of the ciliary body?
What is the significance of the fovea centralis?
What is the significance of the fovea centralis?
Which type of muscle regulates the size of the pupil?
Which type of muscle regulates the size of the pupil?
What process occurs when the ciliary muscles contract?
What process occurs when the ciliary muscles contract?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between rods and cones in the retina?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between rods and cones in the retina?
How does the process of refraction affect light as it enters the eye?
How does the process of refraction affect light as it enters the eye?
What occurs during dark adaptation in the eyes?
What occurs during dark adaptation in the eyes?
What determines the color perception in human vision?
What determines the color perception in human vision?
What is the primary function of photosensitive ganglionic cells in the retina?
What is the primary function of photosensitive ganglionic cells in the retina?
Which of the following best describes the optic disc?
Which of the following best describes the optic disc?
What characterizes the anterior chamber of the anterior cavity of the eye?
What characterizes the anterior chamber of the anterior cavity of the eye?
What happens when light transitions from air into the cornea?
What happens when light transitions from air into the cornea?
Flashcards
Gustation
Gustation
The sense of taste, detecting chemicals by chemoreceptors in the oral cavity.
Taste buds locations
Taste buds locations
Found on papillae, primarily on the tongue's anterior surface, and soft palate.
Gustatory cells
Gustatory cells
Taste receptor cells within taste buds; have microvilli extending into taste pores.
Papillae types
Papillae types
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Filiform Papillae
Filiform Papillae
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Circumvallate Papillae
Circumvallate Papillae
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Fungiform Papillae
Fungiform Papillae
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Taste pathways
Taste pathways
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Salty Taste
Salty Taste
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Taste Pore
Taste Pore
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Sour Taste
Sour Taste
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Sweet Taste
Sweet Taste
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Umami Taste
Umami Taste
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Bitter Taste
Bitter Taste
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Type I Gustatory Cells
Type I Gustatory Cells
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Type III Gustatory Cells
Type III Gustatory Cells
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Type II Gustatory Cells
Type II Gustatory Cells
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Eye's Principal Layers
Eye's Principal Layers
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Fibrous Tunic
Fibrous Tunic
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Vascular Tunic
Vascular Tunic
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Nervous Tunic
Nervous Tunic
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Visible Light
Visible Light
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Wavelength (Visible Light)
Wavelength (Visible Light)
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Amplitude (Visible Light)
Amplitude (Visible Light)
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Eyebrows
Eyebrows
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Eyelashes
Eyelashes
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Tarsal Glands
Tarsal Glands
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What are tears composed of?
What are tears composed of?
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Where are tears produced?
Where are tears produced?
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What is the pathway of tears?
What is the pathway of tears?
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What is the sclera?
What is the sclera?
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What is the cornea?
What is the cornea?
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What does the cornea do?
What does the cornea do?
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What are extrinsic eye muscles?
What are extrinsic eye muscles?
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What is the choroid?
What is the choroid?
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What is the ciliary body?
What is the ciliary body?
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What is the iris?
What is the iris?
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What is the pupil?
What is the pupil?
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What is the retina?
What is the retina?
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What are photoreceptor cells?
What are photoreceptor cells?
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What is the optic disc?
What is the optic disc?
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What is the fovea centralis?
What is the fovea centralis?
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What is gustation?
What is gustation?
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Papillae: What are they?
Papillae: What are they?
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Taste Bud Structure
Taste Bud Structure
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What are taste pores?
What are taste pores?
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Salty Taste Pathway
Salty Taste Pathway
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What do circumvallate papillae do?
What do circumvallate papillae do?
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How does the gustatory pathway work?
How does the gustatory pathway work?
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Why is the olfactory system important for gustation?
Why is the olfactory system important for gustation?
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What are the five primary tastes?
What are the five primary tastes?
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What are gustatory cells?
What are gustatory cells?
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What is the tongue map myth?
What is the tongue map myth?
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Conjunctiva
Conjunctiva
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Lacrimal Apparatus
Lacrimal Apparatus
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Lacrimal Fluids (Tears)
Lacrimal Fluids (Tears)
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Eye's Outermost Layer
Eye's Outermost Layer
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Eye's Middle Layer
Eye's Middle Layer
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Eye's Innermost Layer
Eye's Innermost Layer
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Sclera
Sclera
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Cornea's Function
Cornea's Function
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What do extrinsic eye muscles do?
What do extrinsic eye muscles do?
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Choroid's Role
Choroid's Role
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Ciliary Body's Functions
Ciliary Body's Functions
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Iris' Role
Iris' Role
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Pupil's Function
Pupil's Function
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Retina's Role
Retina's Role
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Rods & Cones
Rods & Cones
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Optic Disc (Blind Spot)
Optic Disc (Blind Spot)
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Fovea Centralis
Fovea Centralis
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Study Notes
Gustation
- Sense of taste
- Chemicals detected by chemoreceptors in the oral cavity
- Allows sampling of food and drink consumed
- Aided by the olfactory sense
Organization of Gustatory System
- Papillae possess taste buds
- Found on the anterior surface of the tongue and the soft palate
- Taste buds house gustatory cells (various types) and support cells
- Gustatory cells are the taste receptor cells
Papillae of the Tongue
- Foliate: Leaf-like, less developed in humans, functions mostly in infancy and early childhood
- Filiform: Thread-like, short and spiky, found on anterior 2/3rds of tongue, don't have taste buds, detect texture and manipulate food
- Circumvallate: Mushroom-shaped, about 10-12, create a boundary between anterior and posterior aspects, great concentration of taste buds
- Fungiform: Mushroom-shaped, about 300, primarily on anterior margin of tongue, contain a few taste buds
Taste Buds
- Taste pores open to oral cavity
- Dissolved taste-producing chemicals (tastants) come into contact with gustatory cells
- Gustatory cells are packaged in taste buds
- Basal cells are stem cells
- Transitional cells are support cells
- Nerve fibers are found between cells
- Life span of a taste receptor cell is ~10 days
Gustatory Cells
- Specialized neuroepithelium
- Dendritic ending is formed by gustatory microvilli
- Tastants interact with receptors on microvilli
- Four types of cells
- Type I: Respond to Na+ ions (salt)
- Type II: Transduce sweet, umami, and bitter; use GPCRs to detect tastants
- Type III: Respond to sour stimuli
- Type IV: Serves as the stem cell
Gustatory Pathway
- Gustatory cells contact sensory neurons of the facial nerve (CN VII) and glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
- CN VII innervates anterior 2/3rds of tongue
- CN IX innervates posterior 1/3rd of tongue
- CN X innervates epiglottis and lower pharynx
- Axons project to medulla oblongata to 2° neurons projecting to thalamus
- Tertiary neurons to cortical gustatory area
- Other neurons project from thalamus to hypothalamus and limbic system
- Processes behavioral aspects associated with taste and smell
Five Primary Tastes
- Salty: Stimulated by chemical salts, Na+ enters through ENaC channels, found on Type I gustatory cells
- Sour: Caused by free H+, H+ binds to and blocks K+ channels, reducing passive movement of K+, found on Type III gustatory cells
- Sweet: Specific configuration of glucose, activates a GPCR to cause depolarization via second messenger cascade, found on Type II gustatory cells
- Umami: Triggered by amino acids (esp. glutamate), activates a GPCR to cause depolarization via second messenger cascade, found on Type II gustatory cells
- Bitter: Chemically diverse group (including alkaloids), activates a GPCR to cause depolarization via second messenger cascade, found on Type II gustatory cells
Other Taste Receptors
- Taste perception influenced by other receptors (especially olfactory)
- Carbon Dioxide receptor (Car4)
- Fatty receptors
The Taste Bud Tongue Map Myth
- 1901 D. Hänig published paper containing data on taste sensitivity in different regions of the tongue
- Data misinterpreted, leading to the "tongue map" myth
Eye Structure
- Almost spherical organ
- Located within the orbit of the skull
- Cushioned by orbital fat
- Three principal layers (outside to inside): fibrous, vascular, and nervous
Protective Structures of the Eye
- Eyebrows: Thick hairs preventing sweat from entering the eyes
- Eyelashes: Protect the front of the eye from foreign objects
- Eyelids: Movable coverings of the eye, including the conjunctiva, tarsal glands, and palpebral fissure; prevent tear overflow
- Lacrimal caruncle: Region medial to eyelids, contains ciliary glands producing a gritty substance
Conjunctiva
- Specialized stratified squamous epithelium
- Continuous lining of the external anterior surface of the eye and internal eyelids
- Two parts (ocular & palpebral conjunctiva)
- Contains numerous goblet cells and is highly vascular and innervated
- Doesn't cover cornea
Lacrimal Apparatus
- Produces, collects, and drains tears
- Lacrimal fluid lubricates and cleanses the eye surface
- Contains antibacterial lysozyme
- Lacrimal gland located in superolateral depression of the orbit, continuously produces tears
- Blinking washes tears towards lacrimal caruncle
- Tears pass through lacrimal puncta, canaliculi, into the lacrimal sac, and then through the nasolacrimal duct into the nasal cavity
Fibrous (External) Tunic
- Sclera: Posterior structure, "white" of the eye, continuous with the dura mater that surrounds the optic nerve, providing eye shape and protection; attachment point for extrinsic eye muscles
- Cornea: Anterior structure, convex transparent structure, composed of epithelium, avascular, supplied nutrients from lacrimal gland (anteriorly) and aqueous humor (posteriorly), allows light passage and refracts light
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
- Allow eye movement, keeping eyes stable in the orbit
- Attached to the fibrous tunic
Vascular Tunic
- Highly vascularized, contains intrinsic muscles of the eye
- Three parts (Choroid, Ciliary body, and Iris)
- Choroid: Posterior vascular region; provides nutrients to the retina; many melanocytes to absorb extraneous light
- Ciliary Body: Anterior to the choroid, contains ciliary muscles that alter the shape of the lens, smooth muscle connected to suspensory ligaments, produces aqueous humor
- Iris: Anterior structure, colored portion of eye, controls light entering the eye, has two smooth muscles (sphincter and dilator pupillae)-- both with sympathetic innervation
Iris
- Thin pigmented smooth muscle
- Controls amount of light entering the eye (through the pupil)
- Pupil is opening in the center of iris through which light passes
- Two smooth muscles:
- Sphincter pupillae—circular, contractile; parasympathetic innervation
- Dilator pupillae—radial, dilating; sympathetic innervation
Retina
- Innermost tunic, two layers
- Pigmented Layer: Adjacent to the choroid, provides Vitamin A to the neural layer, absorbs light before it reaches the neural layer
- Neural Layer: Innermost layer, contains photoreceptor cells and associated neurons, transduces light energy into nerve signals
Cells of the Neural Layer
- Photoreceptor Cells: Rods and cones; convert light energy to nerve signals, generate graded potentials
- Bipolar Cells: Lie between photoreceptors and ganglion cells. Fewer cells than photoreceptors; converge visual input onto the ganglion cells; generate graded potentials
- Ganglion Cells: Innermost layer of neurons; axons to CNS via optic nerve; generate action potentials
- Other Cells: Horizontal cells, amacrine cells (integrate visual input between photoreceptors/bipolar/ganglion cells; generate graded potentials
Other Cells
- Photosensitive ganglionic cells: Found in neural layer, light-sensitive, possess melanopsin, help reset internal circadian clock, regulate pupil size, and regulate melatonin production
- Retinal pigment epithelial cells: In pigmented layer to capture light, contain melanin
Components of the Retina
- Distribution of Rods and Cones: Not uniform; cones concentrated in fovea; rods concentrated in periphery
- Optic Disc: Contains no photoreceptors; point where ganglion axons exit retina to form optic nerve; also known as the "blind spot."
- Macula Lutea: Directly in line with the pupil, lateral to the optic disc; contains fovea centralis—high concentration of cone cells, area of sharpest vision
- Peripheral Retina: Contains mostly rods, effective in low light
The Lens
- Transparent structure focusing light onto the retina
- Shape determines the degree of refraction
- Modified by suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles
- Accommodation: Flattened lens for distant vision; rounded lens for near vision
Refraction
- Different mediums affect light speed
- Light bends (refracts) when transitioning between mediums
- Lens shape determines the direction of refracted light:
- Concave lenses cause light to bend away from a focal point
- Convex lenses cause light to bend toward a focal point
Cavities of the Eye
- Posterior Cavity: Posterior to the lens and anterior to the retina; filled with vitreous humor (gelatinous fluid); maintains eye shape, holds retina against choroid, transmits light
- Anterior Cavity: Contains aqueous humor, anterior to the lens and posterior to the cornea; filtrate from blood plasma; produced by ciliary bodies; subdivided into posterior and anterior chambers; provides nutrients to cells of lens and cornea.
Focusing Light on the Retina
- Bending of light (refraction) to focus on light-sensitive cells of the retina
- Each structure (and liquid) that the light passes through affects its course
- Cornea is the initial focusing structure
- Lens modification (accommodation) adjusts for near or far vision; shapes the lens
- Focal point of collected light is the fovea centralis—high density of cones
Rods and Cones
- Rods: One type; outer segment with membrane-bound discs; concentrated in periphery; high sensitivity, low acuity; responsible for vision in dim light; high convergence on ganglion cells
- Cones: Three types; outer segment with folds of plasma membrane; concentrated in fovea centralis; low sensitivity, high acuity; responsible for color vision; low convergence on ganglion cells
Photopigment
- Light-absorbing photoreceptor responsible for initiating light energy transduction
- Found in the membranes of the discs
- Two parts:
- Opsin: G-protein coupled receptor; several types, each stimulated over a range of light wavelengths (Rhodopsin in rods, Photopsins in cones)
- Retinal: Vitamin A derivative; ligand to opsin; two states dependent on light absorption
Color Perception
- Dependent on the ratio of stimulation of the various types of cones in response to different wavelengths of light
- Example: Wavelength of 560 nm stimulates red cones maximally, green cones to a lesser degree, and blue cones do not stimulate
Receptive Fields
- Area where a photon can stimulate a single ganglion cell
- Larger receptive fields when more photoreceptors converge on a single ganglion cell.
- Smaller receptive fields when fewer photoreceptors converge on a single ganglion cell.
Convergence and Acuity
- Acuity is dependent on the number of photoreceptors converging on a single ganglion cell
- Low convergence yields more acuity
- High convergence yields less acuity
- Low convergence yields smaller receptive fields and greater acuity
- High convergence yields larger receptive fields and reduced acuity
Dark Adaptation
- Eyes' ability to adjust to low light
- Dependent on rods and cones
- Cones adapt quickly, requiring more light
- Rods adapt slowly, requiring less light
- Gives rise to photopic (cone-dependent) and scotopic (rod-dependent) vision
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of gustation, the sense of taste, and its organization within the human body. This quiz covers the types of papillae on the tongue, their functions, and the role of taste buds in detecting flavors. Gain a deeper understanding of how our senses work together to enhance our tasting experience.
