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Questions and Answers
What term describes the large, multiethnic states in southwest, central, and south Asia that relied on firearms for expansion?
What term describes the large, multiethnic states in southwest, central, and south Asia that relied on firearms for expansion?
Which of the following was NOT one of the Gunpowder Empires?
Which of the following was NOT one of the Gunpowder Empires?
What significant architectural and artistic developments are associated with the Gunpowder Empires?
What significant architectural and artistic developments are associated with the Gunpowder Empires?
Who was the ruler known for extending Russia's borders eastward during the 16th century?
Who was the ruler known for extending Russia's borders eastward during the 16th century?
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What was the primary aim of Russian missionaries in Siberia during the period of expansion?
What was the primary aim of Russian missionaries in Siberia during the period of expansion?
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Which dynasty was responsible for rebuilding the Great Wall of China for protection?
Which dynasty was responsible for rebuilding the Great Wall of China for protection?
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What was the primary resource that facilitated the expansion of the Russian Empire towards the Volga River?
What was the primary resource that facilitated the expansion of the Russian Empire towards the Volga River?
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Which emperor of the Qing Dynasty is noted for incorporating new territories into China and expanding its reach?
Which emperor of the Qing Dynasty is noted for incorporating new territories into China and expanding its reach?
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What was the outcome of the expansion efforts in Tibet by China?
What was the outcome of the expansion efforts in Tibet by China?
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Which factor contributed to the success of the Gunpowder Empires?
Which factor contributed to the success of the Gunpowder Empires?
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Tamerlane's conquests are known for which characteristic?
Tamerlane's conquests are known for which characteristic?
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What was the significant impact of Suleiman I's siege of Venice?
What was the significant impact of Suleiman I's siege of Venice?
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What was a key reason for the decline of the Safavid Empire?
What was a key reason for the decline of the Safavid Empire?
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How did the Ottoman Empire utilize the devshirme system?
How did the Ottoman Empire utilize the devshirme system?
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What was the main role of justices of the peace in Tudor England?
What was the main role of justices of the peace in Tudor England?
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Why did the Mughal Empire experience a decline in power?
Why did the Mughal Empire experience a decline in power?
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What characterized the role of Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire?
What characterized the role of Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire?
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What misconception surrounded the Divine Right of Kings during the reign of King James I?
What misconception surrounded the Divine Right of Kings during the reign of King James I?
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How did the Samurais contribute to Japan's economy?
How did the Samurais contribute to Japan's economy?
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What significant architectural accomplishment is attributed to the Mughal Empire?
What significant architectural accomplishment is attributed to the Mughal Empire?
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How did Ivan IV manage loyalty among the oprichnina?
How did Ivan IV manage loyalty among the oprichnina?
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What was one major cultural accomplishment of the Mughal Empire?
What was one major cultural accomplishment of the Mughal Empire?
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How did the Ottoman Empire fundamentally change during the period from 1450 to 1750?
How did the Ottoman Empire fundamentally change during the period from 1450 to 1750?
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Which statement best describes the role of tax farmers in the Ottoman Empire?
Which statement best describes the role of tax farmers in the Ottoman Empire?
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What was the Grand Bazaar, and why was it significant?
What was the Grand Bazaar, and why was it significant?
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What economic strategy did Peter the Great employ to gather revenue despite low industrialization returns?
What economic strategy did Peter the Great employ to gather revenue despite low industrialization returns?
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Which of the following best describes John Calvin's belief for the 'elect'?
Which of the following best describes John Calvin's belief for the 'elect'?
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What was the main result of the Peace of Augsburg?
What was the main result of the Peace of Augsburg?
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Why was the Counter-Reformation established by the Catholic Church?
Why was the Counter-Reformation established by the Catholic Church?
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Why did King Henry IV convert to Catholicism?
Why did King Henry IV convert to Catholicism?
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What challenge was primarily faced by the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?
What challenge was primarily faced by the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?
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What was the role of the Holy Synod in Russian Orthodoxy during Peter the Great's reign?
What was the role of the Holy Synod in Russian Orthodoxy during Peter the Great's reign?
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In what form were taxes primarily collected in the Ming Dynasty?
In what form were taxes primarily collected in the Ming Dynasty?
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What was one key continuity in the Ottoman Empire throughout the 1450 to 1750 period?
What was one key continuity in the Ottoman Empire throughout the 1450 to 1750 period?
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Study Notes
Gunpowder Empires
- Gunpowder Empires were large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia.
- They relied on firearms for conquest and control.
- The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires were examples of Gunpowder Empires.
- Gunpowder Empires developed sophisticated artistic and architectural legacies.
Key Terms and Events
- Gutenberg Printing Press: Revolutionized the spread of information.
- Ivan IV: Expanded Russian borders east.
- Volga River: A key river for Russian expansion.
- Ming Dynasty: Succeeded the Mongols in China.
- Qing Dynasty: Replaced the Ming Dynasty.
- Kangxi: Notable Qing emperor; expanded Chinese rule.
- Emperor Qianlong: Expanded China further; faced resistance.
- Tamerlane: A powerful Central Asian ruler who conquered vast territories.
- Ghazi Ideal: A concept of holy warriors that motivated the Gunpowder Empires.
- Ottoman Empire: A major Islamic empire in the Middle East.
- Mehmed II: Ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople.
- Suleiman I: Renowned Ottoman sultan.
- Shah: Safavid ruler, title.
- Safavid Empire: Iranian empire.
- Shah Abbas I: Prominent Safavid ruler.
- Akbar: Famous Mughal emperor.
- Mughal Empire: Empire in India.
- Caste: Social hierarchy in India.
Europe
- 1450: A significant year marking various changes in Europe.
- Early Modern Period: Began in the mid-1450s; marked by Renaissance, Reformation, etc.
- Monarchies of 1450: Sought control over territories and resources.
- Powerful Social Class (Europe): The rising merchant class gained influence.
Russia
- Influences on Russia: Byzantine and Mongol empires.
- Eastern Expansion (Ivan IV): Used Cossacks to facilitate expansion.
- Russian Expansion: Relied on geographic advantages and military force.
- Cossacks: Military groups aiding Russian expansion.
- Volga River: Vital for trade and control of the region.
- Religion (Siberian Tribes): Russian missionaries tried to convert them to Orthodox Christianity.
- 1639 Russian Expansion: Extended to the Pacific Ocean.
East Asia
- Ming Dynasty Result: Established a stable Chinese government after the Mongols were ousted.
- Qing Dynasty Establishment: It replaced the Ming dynasty.
- Great Wall Rebuilding: China rebuilt sections of the Great Wall for defense.
- Kangxi's Rule: Incorporated Taiwan, Mongolia, and more.
- Qianlong's Rule: Expanded borders; faced rebellions during his period.
- Tibet: Expansion in Tibet had mixed success.
- Burma: Expansion into Burma was largely unsuccessful.
- Vietnam: Expansion efforts in Vietnam mostly unsuccessful.
- Late Years of Qianlong: Problems with rebellion (White Lotus Society) emerged.
- White Lotus Society: Caused uprisings, earlier known for their resistance to powerful governments.
- Result of Uprising: The Chinese government struggled to put down the rebellion.
Islamic Gunpowder Empires
- Commonalities: Used gunpowder and firearms in warfare.
- Success Factors: Effective military leadership and strong administrative systems.
- Tamerlane: Powerful leader who built a vast empire.
- Ghazi Ideal Impact: Supported the expansion of the empire(s).
- Conquest Characteristics: Marked by large-scale violence and destruction.
- Tamerlane's Art Patronage: Supported the arts, especially architecture.
- Tamerlane's Legacy: Demonstrates the power of conquest and empire-building.
- Tamerlane's Government: Relied on military strength and tributary systems for stability.
- Tamerlane's Failure: Empire’s disintegration upon his death.
- 14th Century Battles: The Islamic Gunpowder Empires and the Mongol Empire continued opposing each other.
The Ottoman Empire
- Location: Spanning across parts of Southeastern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.
- Significance: A major Islamic empire with significant cultural contributions.
- Mehmed II's Capital: Constantinople (Istanbul), a strategically crucial location.
- Ottoman-Venice Relationship: A complex relationship with Venice, sometimes friendly, sometimes hostile.
- Suleiman I's Siege: A notable Ottoman military campaign.
- Ottoman Decline: Various factors, including internal conflicts and external pressures.
The Safavid Empire
- Origin: A member of a Sufi religious order known as the Safavids.
- Problems: Religious conflict and competition with the Ottomans.
- European Assistance: Limited European intervention.
- Safavid Control: Over important trade routes and provinces.
- Safavid-Ottoman Tensions: Religious differences and territorial conflicts.
- Ottoman Dominance Attempt: Warfare among them.
- Women's Role: Limited public role but evidence of influence within the Harem.
Mughal India
- Significance: A significant empire in South Asia.
- Arab Traders: Played a key role in trade throughout the Empire.
- Goods Traded: Significant imports and exports, including spices and precious materials.
- Hindu Castes: Social hierarchy in India with distinct castes.
- Mughal Architecture: Known for its impressive buildings.
The Decline of Gunpowder Empires
- Causes: Various factors; military overreach, internal conflicts, and economic difficulties.
- Russia's Resilience: Continued stable control and development despite other Empires' downward trajectories.
UNIT 3.2| Empires: Administration
- (Note: This section is incredibly detailed and requires significant summarization for brevity. The summary below presents core topics and key points.)*
England
- Divine Right of Kings: Used to solidify royal power.
- Justices of the Peace: Played a valuable local role in Tudor England.
- Feudalism: Stronger Tudor rule diminished feudalism in England.
- Parliament's Role: A significant institution in English governance.
- English Bill of Rights: Limited the power of the monarch in England.
France
- French Government Growth: Expanded in comparison to England.
- Louis XIV's Reign: Centralized royal authority and fostered absolutist rule.
- Tax Farmers (Intendants): Collected taxes for the French crown.
- Louis XIV's Dictatorship Characteristics: Centralized control, expanded military.
- Versailles: Reflected royal power and grandeur, but also served to keep nobles under Louis XIV's watchful eye.
Russia
- Russian Class System: Nobility (boyars) and serfs made up a significant portion of the populace.
- Serf Connection to Land: Serfs were legally tied to the land and often forced to give labor to the elites in return for protection.
- Boyars and Ivan IV: Ivan IV distrusted the boyars and often executed those who challenged his authority.
- Oprichnina: Ivan IV created this elite group meant to oversee government affairs.
- Romanov Dynasty Power Struggles: Different factions vied for power within Russia, under the Romanov rulers.
- Peter the Great: Consolidated power; reorganized the government.
Ottoman Empire
- Devshirme System: Christian boys were taken to serve in the Ottoman military or government in order to be loyal and dependable servants to the Sultan.
- Devshirme Religious Background: Christian boys were taken because they could not oppose; their faith offered them an advantage over a Muslim background.
- Devshirme Duties: Served in the military and government, often amongst a prominent position in a society, becoming Janissaries.
- Janissary Loyalty: A high position, Janissaries were loyal because they were loyal to the Sultan, in turn.
East and South Asia
- Ming Dynasty Mongol Influence Erasure: Refocusing on culture; restoring traditions, and removing foreign influences.
- Daimyo and Decentralization: Daimyo's influence hindered centralization efforts in Japan.
- Samurai Economic Power: Significant because they held power and wielded a presence on the economy throughout Japanese culture.
- Oda Nobunaga: Instrumental in unifying Japan.
- Tokugawa Shogunate Organization: Reformed the government of Japan to unify the daimyo.
- Tokugawa Shogunate Control: The Shogunate controlled the powerful daimyo.
- Akbar's Efficient Government (Mughal Empire): Established a bureaucracy and improved judicial systems.
- Zamindars' Impact: Though a system of landowners, Zamindars eventually became corrupt and caused the decline of the Mughal Empire.
Religion and Art
- European Monarch Legitimization: Used art and religious symbols to depict their legitimacy.
- St. Petersburg: Reflected Russia's new ambitions and was a significant architectural location.
- Askia the Great's Rule Legitimization: Reformed the legal system, built mosques.
- Mughal Architectural Accomplishments: Impressive architecture including the Taj Mahal and significant palaces, mosques, etc.
- Islamic Influence on Mughal Art: Reflected influences in Mughal art.
- Mughal Artistic Accomplishments: Showed a harmonious blend of cultures.
- Ottoman Changes: Continued use of architecture and arts to further their position as a power, and established a significant presence on the political landscape of the Holy Roman Empire.
- Ottoman Continuities: Continued use of existing Islamic practices to further cultural unification and tradition within a Muslim background.
- Grand Bazar: A central trading hub for goods, and crucial for trade.
- Istanbul's Importance: Significant trading hub and location for the Ottoman Empire's authority.
- Ottoman Cultural Contributions: Spread of Islamic culture across Southeast Europe.
- Versaille Power Over Nobles: It brought power by showing the king's importance and power and kept nobles under supervision.
Financing Empires
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Peter the Great's Industrialization Attempts: Focused on raising revenue to fund industrialization.
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Increasing Revenue (Peter the Great): Used taxes and other methods to gain revenue.
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Ottoman/Mughal Tax Collection: Ottoman tax farming and Mughal system of Zamindars.
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Tax Farmer Corruption: Could be corrupt.
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Mughal Economic Decline: Reasons for the economic downfall of the empire.
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Ming Tax Collection: Responsibilities for collecting taxes resided amongst specific groups.
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Tribute Systems: Used for collecting tribute and payments towards the Ming.
UNIT 3.3| Empires: Belief Systems
- (Note: This unit is exceedingly detailed. Below are core summaries.)*
Protestant Reformation
- Challenges to Catholic Church: Corruption, indulgences, abuses of power were significant problems.
- Reform Success: Mixed success in reforming the Church.
- John Wycliffe: Challenged Church teachings; was condemned.
- Hussites: Followed Wycliffe's ideas; religious conflict.
- Babylonian Captivity Impact: Weakened the Church's authority.
- Plague's Impact: Social disruption and question of faith.
Lutheranism
- Luther's Conclusions: Criticized Church practices like indulgences and simony and challenged Church teachings.
- Luther's Actions: Challenged Catholic authority through writing, speeches, etc.
- Sola Fide: Faith alone is sufficient for salvation.
- Church Reaction: Sharp opposition led to major religious division.
- Division Result: Split into different communities, mostly between Protestants and Catholics.
- Luther's Beliefs on Women: Believed women were equal to men in dignity and morality.
Calvinism
- Calvin's Beliefs on Elect: Elect should live pious lives.
- Calvinists and Puritans: Sought to purify the Church from perceived corruption.
- Calvinist Work Ethic: Hard work was seen as important behavior and a way of honoring God.
Anglicism
- Henry VIII's Split: Wanted a divorce and control over the English Church.
Orthodox Church and Reforms in Russia
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Orthodox Church's Role: Unifying force; tied the people together.
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Peter's Power Assertion: Restricted the Orthodox Church's independence.
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Holy Synod: Controlled the Orthodox Church and held their policies under strong government control and oversight.
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Raising Monk Age: Peter the Great raised the age of clergy to try and gain better control of priests in the Russian church.
Counter-Reformation
- Purpose: Counter the Protestant Reformation.
- Inquisition: A Church court to combat heresy.
- Jesuits: A religious order supporting Catholicism.
- Council of Trent: A council to reform the Catholic Church.
- Counter-Reformation Success: Strengthened Catholicism.
- Charles V's Action: Gave up the Holy Roman Empire.
Wars of Religion
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Europe's Division: Led to religious conflicts.
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Peace of Augsburg: Ended religious wars in some parts of Europe.
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France's Unification Attempts (Henry IV): Sought to unify the nation by converting to Catholicism.
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Edict of Nantes: Tolerated Protestants; later revoked.
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Revocation Effects: Increased religious tension in France.
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Thirty Years' War Consequence: Resulted in the division of religious authority amongst the countries of Europe into regions of control.
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Peace of Westphalia Religious Divisions: The division of Europe's religions continued to change with the changes of rules and leaders.
Islamic Religious Schisms
- Ottoman Dominant Religion: Islam.
- Islam's Impact (Ottoman): Shaped Ottoman society and culture.
- Safavid Islam: Shi'a Islam became important in the Safavid empire.
Mughal Toleration
- Akbar's Tolerance: Supported religious tolerance policies amongst communities.
- Sikhism support: Didn't affect religious tensions between Hindus and Muslims.
- Akbar's Actions to Unite: Attempted to reduce tensions by incorporating aspects of different religions into the Mughal system.
Scientific Revolution
- Scientific Thought: Challenged traditional ideas and encouraged observation.
- Empiricism: Challenged relying solely on reason.
- Principa: Example of scientific collaboration.
- Intellectuals' View of Science: Saw science as revealing universal truths about the world.
UNIT 3.4| Comparisons in Land-Based Empires
-
(Note: This section is highly detailed, and a concise summary is necessary):*
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Gunpowder Empires' Inability to Maintain Rule: Factors including military overstretch, weak leadership, economic challenges.
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Janissaries and Ghulams: Military forces with different origins and roles in different empires.
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Ottoman-Safavid Wars: Conflicts over religion, trade, and territory.
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Safavid-Mughal Conflicts: Rivalries and border disputes.
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Bureaucracy Influence (Emipres): Different methods used by empires to manage populations (e.g., taxes, laws).
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Aztecs vs. Other Land Empires: Aztec tribute system was unique and differed from others.
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Tax Collection Systems: Different ways for various empires to maintain funds (e.g., tribute, tax farming).
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Religion: Art: Architecture Legitimization: Rulers used these methods to demonstrate and claim their authority through symbolism.
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Test your knowledge on the Gunpowder Empires of southwest, central, and south Asia. This quiz covers their expansion, significant rulers, and cultural contributions. Discover the historical significance of these empires during their peak.
