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Questions and Answers
Define violence according to the content provided.
Violence is the use of physical force to injure, damage, or destroy. It can also include threats, intimidation, and destruction of property.
What are the stages of conflict progression according to the provided content?
Match the following types of violence with their descriptions:
Direct or Physical Violence = Involves direct harm to someone's body or mind, such as violation, torture, or killing. Indirect Violence = Violence concealed in unjust social structures creating inequality and poverty. Cultural Violence = Violence imbedded in cultural norms, justifying structural violence on individuals. Psychological / Secondary Violence = Negative influences aiming to affect or break mental resistance.
Define terrorism.
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What is the main difference between terrorism and warfare?
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What are the different types of terrorism?
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According to the course description, why is peace a prized commodity desired by all?
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What is the course code for the course on Peace and Conflict Resolution at the Air Force Institute of Technology?
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Conflict is a social phenomenon that has always existed and will always exist as long as man exists.
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According to the FBI, how do they define terrorism?
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Conflict is a contradiction arising from differences in _____, ideas, ideologies, orientation, belief, perception, and tendencies.
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What are the two natures of conflict as described in the content?
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What are the primary modes of insurgency mentioned in the text?
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Insurgency is a form of violence against authority that can reach the proportions of organized revolution.
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According to the United States Institute of Peace, name one response to terrorism mentioned in the text.
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The fear of terrorism has been found to induce many undesired psychological states in individuals such as increasing their level of ____________.
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Match the stages of insurgency with their descriptions:
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What effects can conflict have on organizations?
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Why is conflict analysis important?
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What are the main elements for conflict analysis?
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Conflict analysis begins by describing the background to any conflict situation, including the ________.
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What is the difference between Position and Interest in conflict analysis?
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Define Needs in conflict analysis.
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In conflict analysis, Fears refer to what makes parties anxious and restless.
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The conflict analysis tool that factors three interrelated components: Parties' attitude, behaviour, and ________ is the ABC Triangle.
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What does the Conflict Tree tool identify?
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What is a key reason for the ineffectiveness of ECOWAS according to the passage?
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What is the main focus of the Establishment of ECOMOG?
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At the Mediation Committee meeting in Banjul, representatives discussed regional security, stability, peace, and ________.
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When was the United Nations established?
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The Cold War was a period of large-scale fighting between the Soviet Union and the United States.
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What are the six divisions the UN was structured into upon its establishment?
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Define 'Preventive Diplomacy' according to the Agenda for Peace.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is negative peace?
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Define positive peace according to Galtung.
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Victor's peace is also known as the 'peace of the graveyard'.
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Karl Marx believes that societies must be _______ for peace and development.
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Match the type of peace with its characteristics:
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Study Notes
Introduction to Peace and Conflict Resolution
- Peace is a prized commodity desired by all, while conflict is inevitable in the world today
- The course aims to equip students with the knowledge of conflict, peace, and their management
Definition of Conflict
- Conflict arises from incompatible goals or needs between two or more parties
- It is a social phenomenon that has always existed and will always exist as long as man exists
- Types of conflict: destructive and constructive
- Destructive conflicts involve violence, misjudgment, and misperception
- Constructive conflicts lead to change, development, and realisation of desired goals
Nature of Conflict
- Conflict can be destructive or constructive
- Destructive conflicts are often violent and involve misjudgment and misperception
- Constructive conflicts lead to change and development
Levels/TYPES of Conflict
- Intra-personal level: conflict within an individual
- Inter-personal level: conflict between two or more individuals
- Intra-group level: conflict within a group
- Inter-group level: conflict between two or more groups
- National level: conflict within a nation
- International level: conflict between nations
Causes of Conflict
- Competition over resources
- Conflict over psychological needs
- Contradicting value systems
- Conflict over information
Stages of Conflict/Conflict Progression
- Latent stage: conflict is dormant and barely evident
- Manifestation stage: conflict becomes evident and parties express demands through legal means
- Escalation stage: active conflict emerges, and conflicting parties begin to take sides
- Crisis stage: total breakdown of law and order, humanitarian crisis
- Stalemate (containment) stage: conflict reaches a stalemate, and parties look for ways to resolve the conflict
- De-escalation stage: gradual cessation of hostility, and parties search for mutually beneficial ways to resolve the conflict
- Resolution stage: parties reach an amicable settlement, and the conflict comes to an end
- Post-conflict peace building and reconciliation stage: addressing the causes of the conflict, reforming institutions, and rebuilding relationships
- Transformation stage: all causes of conflict are addressed, and healing, reconciliation, and reintegration are complete### Conflict Theories
- Structural Conflict Theory: explains conflict as a result of social problems embedded in the structure of a society, leading to exploitation, inequality, and injustice.
- Radical structuralists (e.g., Marx, Lenin) argue that conflict occurs due to social problems in the society and the awareness of these problems by the subordinate group.
- Liberal structuralists (e.g., Johan Galtung) suggest that to understand a conflict, the ABC of the conflict should be understood: Attitude, Behaviour, and Contradiction.
- Frustration-Aggression Theory: explains conflict as a result of the gap between what people feel they deserve and what they actually get, leading to frustration and aggression.
- Human Needs Theory: explains conflict as a result of the frustration of basic human needs, such as material, social, and cultural needs.
- John Burton's theory posits that all humans have basic needs, and when these needs are denied or frustrated, conflict becomes inevitable.
- Identity Conflict Theory: explains conflict as a result of the feeling of threat towards one's identity, leading to a sense of alienation and non-provision from the government.
- Greed versus Grievance Theory: explains conflict as a result of greed, rather than grievance, particularly in countries rich in natural resources.
Types of Violence
- Direct or Physical Violence: the use of force to achieve a desired goal, resulting in physical harm, destruction, injury, or death.
- Indirect Violence: concealed violence in the unjust, unequal, and unrepresentative social structures of a society, leading to inequality, poverty, and human rights abuse.
- Cultural Violence: the use of culture to justify, legitimize, or direct structural violence on individuals, such as violence against women and children.
- Psychological/Secondary Violence: the indirect act of negative influence that aims to affect or arouse fear or break mental resistance of a target audience.
Terms Associated with Violence
- Intended Violence: conflict strictly aimed at violating others.
- Incidental Violence: arising out of actions of protest or affirmation of certain views.
- Ecocide: extreme violence by humans against nature.
- Suicide: direct, terminal violence against oneself.
- Homicide: direct, terminal violence against other people.
- Genocide: direct, terminal violence against an entire people.
- Structurocide: destruction of a culture/structure.
- Culturocide: destruction of a culture or deculturation.
Terrorism
- Definition: the calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to inculcate fear, intended to coerce or intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.
- Types of Terrorism:
- State-Sponsored Terrorism: terrorist acts on a state or government by a state or government.
- Dissent Terrorism: terrorist groups which have rebelled against their government.
- Political Ideological Terrorism: terrorist groups rooted in political ideology.
- Religious Terrorism: terrorist groups which are extremely religiously motivated.
- Criminal Terrorism: terrorist acts used to aid in crime and criminal profit.
- Causes of Terrorism:
- Psychological Perspective: personal reasons, based on psychological state of mind.
- Ideological Perspective: beliefs, values, and/or principles by which a group identifies its particular aims and goals.
- Strategic Perspective: terrorism as a logical extension of the failure of politics.
- Responses to Terrorism:
- The use of violence to oppose terrorists.
- The use of negotiation.
- The use of international conventions to create international norms in opposing terrorism.
Insurgency
- Definition: violence against authority, through the use of conventional and unconventional methods of fighting.
- Stages of Insurgency:
- Pre-hostility phase.
- Guerrilla warfare phase.
- Conventional confrontation phase.
- Modes of Insurgency:
- The guerrilla.
- The terrorism.
- Terrorism and Insurgency: A Comparative Analysis:
- Terrorism is indiscriminate, while insurgency is selective.
- Insurgency can be a stage in the development of a terrorist organization.### Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency
- Insurgency is based on the selective use of violence against people or groups who do not comply with the wishes of the rebels or government.
- Counter-Insurgency (COIN) is defined as comprehensive civilian and military efforts to simultaneously defeat and contain insurgency and address its root causes.
- COIN can be achieved through civil means such as dialogue, reconciliation, arbitration, and pacification, or through military means such as coercion.
Effects of Insurgency and Terrorism
- Major negative effects of insurgency include:
- Destruction of lives and properties
- Displacement of people from their residents
- Social dislocation (separation of families)
- Separation of settlements
- Hunger and penury
- Psychological trauma
- Terrorism can also:
- Induce anxiety and other mental health challenges
- Affect the economy by creating market uncertainty
- Lead to xenophobia
- Result in loss of tourism
- Increase insurance claims
Human Security
- Definition: Human security is an approach to assist Member States in identifying and addressing widespread and cross-cutting challenges to the survival, livelihood, and dignity of their people.
- Types of Human Security:
- Economic Security
- Food Security
- Personal Security
- Health Security
- Community Security
- Political Security
- Environmental Security
Consequences of Conflict and Human Security
- Conflict is a social phenomenon that exists in every society, arising from divergent goals, interests, or values.
- Conflict can have both positive and negative consequences.
- Positive consequences of conflict:
- Leads to new ideas and social change
- Stimulates creativity and problem-solving
- Hastens decision-making
- Promotes group unity and cooperation
- Leads to individual sharing and respecting of opinions
- Serves as a safety valve for indicating problems
- Improves future communication
- Leads to reconciliation
- Negative consequences of conflict:
- Diverts energy from work
- Threatens psychological well-being
- Wastes resources and time
- Creates a negative climate
- Breaks down group cohesion
- Increases hostility and aggressive behavior
- Leads to members leaving the organization
Conflict Analysis
- Definition: Conflict analysis is a structured process of analyzing conflicts to understand the conflict profile, actors, causes, and dynamics.
- Importance of conflict analysis:
- Provides a better understanding of the conflict
- Helps to identify dependable and effective strategies for conflict resolution
- Facilitates bringing together parties in dispute
- Opens up the conflict and provides clarity
- Helps to X-ray the problems underlying the conflict
- Elements of conflict analysis:
- Conflict profile/context analysis
- Causal/issue analysis
- Actors/stakeholders analysis
- Conflict dynamics analysis
- Position, interest, needs, goals, capacity, and relationship analysis
- Tools for conflict analysis:
- ABC Triangle
- Onion/Doughnut
- Conflict Tree
- Conflict Map
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Description
This course helps students become better conflict managers and peace advocates, impacting positively in their immediate environments.
