Growth & Development Final Exam 2021-2022

Questions and Answers

If the cytosine content in a double helical DNA is 20%, what is the content of adenine?

10%

40%

20%

30% (correct)

What is the most important cause of child mortality?

Accidents

Child abuse

Maternal smoking

Malnutrition (correct)

Which cells give rise to all layers of the embryo?

Epiblast (correct)

Hypoblast

Amnioblast

Trophoblast

Which of the following is NOT considered an internal female genital organ?

Labia majora Signup and view all the answers

When do fetal life period screening markers begin in development?

Beginning at 9 weeks and extending to the time of birth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the placenta?

Transport of nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about exclusive breastfeeding is true?

It is mandatory in the first 6 months of life with no other additions Signup and view all the answers

If the first day of the last menstrual period was August 4th, 2007, what is the expected date of delivery?

June 11th, 2008 Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone does NOT play a role in regulating the menstrual cycle?

TSH Signup and view all the answers

What would be the effect of a mutation in the lac operon?

There would be constitutive expression of the lac operon Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme allows the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template?

Reverse transcriptase Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA-Gyrase during DNA replication?

To relieve the torsional strain caused by unwinding Signup and view all the answers

What is the protein that blocks the action of RNA polymerase?

Repressors Signup and view all the answers

At which stage are most major malformations produced during development?

Embryogenesis Signup and view all the answers

During ovulation, which hormone surge triggers the release of the ovum?

LH Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is characterized by the absence of mesoderm?

Cloacal membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type has 23 chromosomes?

Spermatozoa Signup and view all the answers

Where does fertilization typically occur?

Uterine tube Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the type of implantation occurring at day 9?

Complete Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child typically comprehend death as an irreversible process?

14 Years Signup and view all the answers

Which component is correctly described regarding the umbilical cord structure?

Two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is used to estimate the gestational age of a developing fetus?

Somites Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about reproductive aging is correct for females but not for males?

Menopause is a sign of ovarian follicles depletion Signup and view all the answers

In human development, what is primarily determined by the genetic blueprint?

All anatomical features Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation leads to the production of a truncated form of the LDL receptor in familial hypercholesterolemia patients?

Nonsense Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following systems is not fully developed by the beginning of pregnancy?

Neural and Musculoskeletal systems Signup and view all the answers

The average pregnancy duration is typically how many weeks and how many days?

38 weeks, 266 days Signup and view all the answers

Which factor may influence the height of a male or female fetus at conception?

Placenta chorionic hormones Signup and view all the answers

At what age does a child typically start developing head control while in a prone position?

5 Months Signup and view all the answers

What is the most appropriate investigation for a neonate showing poor feeding and jaundice, given their mother's history of fever and discharge?

TORCH screen Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence is produced from the transcription of UAGCUACGU?

ACGUAGCUA Signup and view all the answers

What likely distinguishes the height differences between male and female fetuses during conception?

Hormonal environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following patterns is characteristic of a 2-year-old child?

Slow uncontrolled Signup and view all the answers

At what stage have the Respiratory and Central nervous systems typically differentiated if a fetus is born during the sixth or seventh month?

These systems have not differentiated. Signup and view all the answers

In case of deficient embryo development, what is a probable outcome regarding the conceptus?

The conceptus is aborted. Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is not included in the menstrual cycle phases?

Ovulatory phase Signup and view all the answers

A gene made of 60 nucleotides can produce how many proteins during transcription and translation?

30 Signup and view all the answers

Where in nucleic acid are the bases always connected?

1’ carbon Signup and view all the answers

Identify the range of the embryonic period.

3rd to 8th week Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of normal labor?

Takes 8 to 12 hours Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Concepts in Growth & Development

Cytosine content of 20% in double helical DNA implies Adenine content is 30%, as per Chargaff's rule (A pairs with T, C pairs with G).
Major causes of child health issues include accidents, maternal smoking, and malnutrition; child abuse is a significant concern but often overlooked.
The epiblast is responsible for giving rise to all layers of the embryo, illustrating its critical role in embryonic development.
Internal female genital organs comprise the vagina, not including external features like labia majora or clitoris.
Fetal life markers can be observed starting from 9 weeks until birth, crucial for prenatal care and monitoring.
The placenta’s fundamental functions include nutrient transport to the fetus, essential for its growth and development.
Exclusive breastfeeding is crucial for infants' first six months, as it provides all nutritional needs and immune protection.
Expected delivery date calculation involves adding 280 days to the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP); for example, LMP on August 4th, 2007, leads to an expected delivery on May 11th, 2008.
Ectoderm derivatives include structures like the retina and inner ear, while myotomes are derived from mesoderm.
A child's growth pattern at two years can be categorized into slow or rapid controlled/uncontrolled growth rates.
By the sixth or early seventh month, differentiation of various systems like respiratory and nervous systems occurs.
Deficiency in embryo development can lead to abortion or halted differentiation of the embryonic plate.
Menstrual cycle phases encompass the follicular, proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases; some are essential for understanding reproductive health.
Genetic transcription and translation is complex; a gene made of 60 nucleotides can produce 20 different protein chains.
Nucleic acid bases attach to the 1' carbon of the sugar, fundamental to DNA and RNA structure.
The embryonic period, from the 3rd to the 8th week of gestation, is critical for development, with potential major malformations arising during this timeframe.
Fertilization predominantly occurs in the uterine tube, where the sperm meets the ovum.
Children accurately appreciate death as irreversible typically around 7 years of age, reflecting cognitive development and understanding of concepts.
The second week of embryonic development features differentiation into structures like the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast.
Monozygotic twins typically share one chorion, demonstrating significant genetic and developmental similarities.
Genetic mutations can lead to conditions such as familial hypercholesterolemia due to truncated proteins; identifying mutation types like nonsense or frameshift is crucial for genetic studies.
The average pregnancy duration is approximately 38 weeks or 266 days post-LMP, fundamental knowledge in obstetrics.
Factors influencing fetal size differentials include genetic and environmental factors, such as placental hormone levels during conception.
Neonates with symptoms like jaundice and poor feeding might require a TORCH screen to identify potential infectious causes related to maternal health.
Transcription results in complementary RNA sequences, such as transcribing UAGCUACGU into ACGUAGCUA, important in understanding gene expression.

Miscellaneous Facts

The umbilical cord consists of two arteries and one vein, essential for fetal nutrient supply and waste removal.
Child development milestones vary widely, with significant growth in head control expected by five months.
Exploration of reproductive aging shows significant differences in male and female reproductive longevity, emphasizing menopause in females as a significant life event.

These bullets encompass essential topics in growth and development, providing a concise overview of key concepts relevant for exams in this subject area.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on growth and development concepts with this final exam quiz. Questions cover topics like DNA structure, child abuse causes, and embryonic cells. Challenge yourself to reinforce your understanding of critical topics in this field.