Growth & Development Final Exam 2021-2022

Key Concepts in Growth & Development

• Cytosine content of 20% in double helical DNA implies Adenine content is 30%, as per Chargaff's rule (A pairs with T, C pairs with G).

• Major causes of child health issues include accidents, maternal smoking, and malnutrition; child abuse is a significant concern but often overlooked.

• The epiblast is responsible for giving rise to all layers of the embryo, illustrating its critical role in embryonic development.

• Internal female genital organs comprise the vagina, not including external features like labia majora or clitoris.

• Fetal life markers can be observed starting from 9 weeks until birth, crucial for prenatal care and monitoring.

• The placenta’s fundamental functions include nutrient transport to the fetus, essential for its growth and development.

• Exclusive breastfeeding is crucial for infants' first six months, as it provides all nutritional needs and immune protection.

• Expected delivery date calculation involves adding 280 days to the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP); for example, LMP on August 4th, 2007, leads to an expected delivery on May 11th, 2008.

• Ectoderm derivatives include structures like the retina and inner ear, while myotomes are derived from mesoderm.

• A child's growth pattern at two years can be categorized into slow or rapid controlled/uncontrolled growth rates.

• By the sixth or early seventh month, differentiation of various systems like respiratory and nervous systems occurs.

• Deficiency in embryo development can lead to abortion or halted differentiation of the embryonic plate.

• Menstrual cycle phases encompass the follicular, proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases; some are essential for understanding reproductive health.

• Genetic transcription and translation is complex; a gene made of 60 nucleotides can produce 20 different protein chains.

• Nucleic acid bases attach to the 1' carbon of the sugar, fundamental to DNA and RNA structure.

• The embryonic period, from the 3rd to the 8th week of gestation, is critical for development, with potential major malformations arising during this timeframe.

• Fertilization predominantly occurs in the uterine tube, where the sperm meets the ovum.

• Children accurately appreciate death as irreversible typically around 7 years of age, reflecting cognitive development and understanding of concepts.

• The second week of embryonic development features differentiation into structures like the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast.

• Monozygotic twins typically share one chorion, demonstrating significant genetic and developmental similarities.

• Genetic mutations can lead to conditions such as familial hypercholesterolemia due to truncated proteins; identifying mutation types like nonsense or frameshift is crucial for genetic studies.

• The average pregnancy duration is approximately 38 weeks or 266 days post-LMP, fundamental knowledge in obstetrics.

• Factors influencing fetal size differentials include genetic and environmental factors, such as placental hormone levels during conception.

• Neonates with symptoms like jaundice and poor feeding might require a TORCH screen to identify potential infectious causes related to maternal health.

• Transcription results in complementary RNA sequences, such as transcribing UAGCUACGU into ACGUAGCUA, important in understanding gene expression.

Miscellaneous Facts

• The umbilical cord consists of two arteries and one vein, essential for fetal nutrient supply and waste removal.

• Child development milestones vary widely, with significant growth in head control expected by five months.

• Exploration of reproductive aging shows significant differences in male and female reproductive longevity, emphasizing menopause in females as a significant life event.

These bullets encompass essential topics in growth and development, providing a concise overview of key concepts relevant for exams in this subject area.

Test your knowledge on growth and development concepts with this final exam quiz. Questions cover topics like DNA structure, child abuse causes, and embryonic cells. Challenge yourself to reinforce your understanding of critical topics in this field.