Growth Adaptations and Cell Injury

A process where cytotoxic CD8+ T cells eliminate infected or cancerous cells. It involves perforins creating pores in the target cell membrane, allowing granzyme to enter and activate caspases, leading to apoptosis.

A type of cell death characterized by a series of biochemical events leading to a controlled dismantling of the cell. It is crucial for the removal of damaged or unwanted cells.

A highly reactive molecule that is a major contributor to oxidative stress and damage. It is generated during normal cellular processes and can also be produced by environmental factors.

A process that produces superoxide radicals (O2-), which is the initial step in the formation of other reactive oxygen species. It is a key enzyme in the immune system's defense against pathogens.

A type of protein misfolding disorder where abnormal proteins accumulate in the extracellular space. This leads to damage to tissues and organs.

A systemic form of amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma, where amyloid is formed from immunoglobulin light chains.

A systemic form of amyloidosis caused by the deposition of amyloid A protein, which is an acute-phase reactant. Often associated with chronic inflammation, malignancies, and familial Mediterranean fever.

A complex process involving the release of various inflammatory mediators, resulting in vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and recruitment of neutrophils to the affected area.

Pattern recognition receptors expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger immune responses.

A complex signaling pathway that plays a crucial role in innate immunity. It is triggered by TLRs and other inflammatory stimuli, leading to the activation of genes involved in the immune response.

A type of white blood cell that is the first responder to infection and plays a crucial role in innate immunity. These cells are short-lived and undergo apoptosis within 24 hours.

A type of white blood cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens, antigen-presenting cells to T cells. Live longer than neutrophils and contribute to both innate and adaptive immunity.

A process that involves the formation of a granuloma, a characteristic structure of chronic inflammation. Granulomas are formed when macrophages aggregate around a persistent antigen or pathogen, often forming a central core of necrotic tissue.

A protein that helps activate neutrophils to kill bacteria, and is deficient in certain individuals. People with this deficiency have an increased risk of developing Candida infections.

A type of T cell that helps activate other immune cells, such as macrophages and B cells, to fight infection. This type of T cell is responsible for the production of cytokines that promote inflammation and immune responses.

A type of T cell that directly kills infected cells by releasing cytotoxic substances. These cells are essential for controlling viral infections and eliminating cancer cells.

A type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that bind to and neutralize pathogens. These cells are crucial for adaptive immunity.

A process that involves the resolution of inflammation and healing, typically mediated by cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-beta that promote tissue repair.

Granulomas that lack central necrosis. They are characteristic of reactions to foreign materials, sarcoidosis, beryllium exposure, Crohn's disease, and cat scratch disease.

Granulomas that have central necrosis. They are characteristic of tuberculosis (TB) and fungal infections.

A primary immunodeficiency that affects the development of the thymus, leading to a deficiency in T cells. It is caused by a deletion in chromosome 22.

A severe combined immunodeficiency characterized by the absence of both T and B cells. Patients are extremely susceptible to infections.

A primary immunodeficiency characterized by a complete lack of immunoglobulins due to a mutation in the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene.

A primary immunodeficiency characterized by low levels of immunoglobulins, similar to X-linked agammaglobulinemia. It presents later in life and carries a higher risk of autoimmune diseases and lymphoma.

A primary immunodeficiency characterized by a deficiency in IgA. Patients are prone to mucosal infections, particularly viral infections. It is often associated with celiac disease.

A primary immunodeficiency characterized by a mutation in either the CD40 ligand (CD40L) or the CD40 receptor on B cells. This disrupts the interaction between helper T cells and B cells, leading to a deficiency in all immunoglobulin classes except IgM.

A primary immunodeficiency associated with thrombocytopenia, eczema, and recurrent infections. It is caused by a mutation in the WAS protein, an X-linked gene.

A deficiency in the late components of the complement pathway (C5-C9) can lead to an increased risk of Neisseria infections.

The ability of the immune system to recognize and tolerate self-antigens, preventing the development of autoimmune disorders.

T cells undergo selection in the thymus and bone marrow to ensure they recognize self-MHC and are tolerant of self-antigens.

Mature T cells can undergo tolerance mechanisms in the periphery to prevent autoimmune reactions.

A subtype of T cells (CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+) that play a crucial role in suppressing immune responses.

A type of tissue repair that occurs after injury. It involves the formation of granulation tissue, which eventually forms a scar.

The ability of tissues to regenerate after injury. Tissues are classified as labile, stable, or permanent based on their regenerative capacity.

A type of tissue that is constantly cycling and regenerating due to the presence of stem cells.

A type of tissue that is quiescent but can reenter the cell cycle when needed.

A type of tissue that lacks significant regenerative potential and instead heals with fibrous scarring.

The initial phase of wound healing characterized by the formation of granulation tissue, a collection of fibroblasts, capillaries, and myofibroblasts.

The final stage of wound healing where the granulation tissue is replaced by a scar composed of type I collagen.

Factors that can delay wound healing, including infection, vitamin C deficiency, copper deficiency, zinc deficiency, foreign bodies, ischemia, diabetes, and malnutrition.

The abnormal growth of cells, leading to the formation of a tumor. Malignant tumors are those that invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites.

A group of genes that promote cell growth and division.

Genes that suppress cell growth and division.

A process by which cancer cells spread to distant sites.

The process by which cancer cells invade surrounding tissues.

The process of new blood vessel formation.

The ability of the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells.