Growth Adaptations and Atrophy
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

  • Hypertrophy results in an increase in the number of cells, while hyperplasia results in an increase in cell size.
  • Hypertrophy occurs in permanent tissues, while hyperplasia does not. (correct)
  • Hypertrophy involves new cell production, while hyperplasia involves cell size increase.
  • Hypertrophy is a response to increased stress, while hyperplasia occurs only in response to decreased stress.

    • Which process leads to a decrease in organ size due to reduced hormonal stimulation?

  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Atrophy (correct)

    • What mechanism is primarily involved in the decrease of cell number during atrophy?

  • Metaplasia
  • Cell division
  • Proteolysis
  • Apoptosis (correct)

    • What is a characteristic of pathological hyperplasia?

    <p>Can develop into cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a tissue that undergoes hypertrophy but not hyperplasia?

    <p>Cardiac muscle in response to hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cellular change does metaplasia typically involve?

    <p>Change from one type of epithelial cell to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cells in the process of ubiquitin-proteasome degradation during atrophy?

    <p>Intermediate filaments are tagged with ubiquitin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is an example of metaplasia?

    <p>Barrett esophagus from chronic acid exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary morphological hallmark of cell death?

    <p>Loss of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is never physiologic and associated with inflammation?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of necrosis is characterized by necrotic tissue that remains firm and the cell structures being preserved?

    <p>Coagulative necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of liquefactive necrosis?

    <p>Formation of abscesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during nuclear condensation in cell death?

    <p>Pyknosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context does red infarction typically arise?

    <p>When blood re-enters loosely organized tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes coagulative necrosis?

    <p>Occurs in ischemic infarction except in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily responsible for the enzyme activity leading to liquefactive necrosis in the brain?

    <p>Microglial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of systemic amyloidosis?

    <p>Deposits of serum amyloid-associated protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical finding is most commonly associated with systemic amyloidosis?

    <p>Nephrotic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Familial Mediterranean fever is characterized by dysfunction of which type of cells?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which population is Familial Mediterranean fever most commonly found?

    <p>Mediterranean origin individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biopsy site is often used for diagnosing systemic amyloidosis?

    <p>Abdominal fat pad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of amyloidosis found in the elderly population?

    <p>Senile cardiac amyloidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to amyloid deposits in damaged organs?

    <p>They require transplantation of the affected organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of familial amyloid cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Restrictive cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of cancer screening?

    <p>To detect precancerous changes before they become malignant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is commonly used to detect cervical dysplasia?

    <p>Pap smear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do proto-oncogenes play in cellular growth?

    <p>They induce and regulate normal cell growth and differentiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cancer is detected using the hemoccult test?

    <p>Colonic carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of oncogenes?

    <p>They promote unregulated cellular growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do carcinogens affect DNA?

    <p>They damage DNA and disrupt critical cellular processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a common characteristic of signaling transducers?

    <p>They relay receptor activation to the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when key regulatory systems in DNA are disrupted?

    <p>Tumor promotion and progression can occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is typical of malignant tumors?

    <p>Disorganized growth with loss of polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cancer is known for lematogenous spread?

    <p>Renal cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of benign tumors?

    <p>Organized growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a tumor classified with certainty?

    <p>Through biopsy or excision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carcinoma is particularly associated with omental caking?

    <p>Ovarian carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histologic feature suggests malignancy?

    <p>High mitotic activity with atypical mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histologic characteristic is NOT typical of benign tumors?

    <p>High nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of poorly differentiated tumors?

    <p>Invasive growth into local tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily affected due to the developmental failure of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches?

    <p>Thymus and parathyroid development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)?

    <p>Defective T-cell activation and maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common infection risk associated with Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)?

    <p>Bacterial and protozoal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from a mutation in Bruton tyrosine kinase?

    <p>X-linked Agammaglobulinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is commonly used for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)?

    <p>Sterile isolation and stem cell transplantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complicates the clinical presentation of X-linked Agammaglobulinemia?

    <p>Maternal antibodies protection during early months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deficiency is characterized by a low level of immunoglobulins and is due to B-cell or T-cell defects?

    <p>Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency?

    <p>Toxic buildup of adenosine and deoxyadenosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Growth Adaptations

    • Organs maintain homeostasis under physiologic stress
    • Increased, decreased, or altered stress can lead to growth adaptations
    • Hypertrophy and hyperplasia increase organ size
      • Hypertrophy: increase in cell size through gene activation, protein synthesis, and organelle production
      • Hyperplasia: increase in cell number from stem cells
      • Often occur together; e.g., during pregnancy
      • Permanent tissues (e.g., cardiac muscle) undergo hypertrophy, not hyperplasia, in response to stress
      • Pathologic hyperplasia can lead to dysplasia and cancer (except benign prostatic hyperplasia)

    Atrophy

    • Decreased stress (e.g., hormonal changes, disuse, low nutrients) leads to organ shrinkage (atrophy)
    • Reduced cell number via apoptosis
    • Reduced cell size via ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of the cytoskeleton, and autophagy of cellular components
      • Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation tags intermediate filaments for destruction
      • Autophagy forms vacuoles, which fuse with lysosomes for cellular component breakdown

    Metaplasia

    • Altered stress leads to a change in cell type (metaplasia)
    • Primarily involves epithelial cell type changes (squamous, columnar, urothelial)
    • Metaplastic cells better handle the new stress
    • Barrett's esophagus is a classic example

    Cell Death

    • Cell death markers include nuclear condensation (pyknosis), fragmentation (karyorrhexis), and dissolution (karyolysis)
    • Necrosis and apoptosis are the two mechanisms of cell death
      • Necrosis: death of large cell groups, followed by inflammation; pathologic, not physiologic
      • Apoptosis: programmed cell death
        • Types include coagulative (preserved structure; characteristic of ischemic infarction), liquefactive (enzymatic tissue breakdown; characteristic of brain infarction, abscesses, and pancreatitis) and others

    Amyloidosis

    • Amyloidosis involves abnormal protein deposits
      • Systemic amyloidosis: widespread deposits, leading to organ damage (kidneys, heart); often associated with inflammation
      • Localized amyloidosis: deposits confined to a single organ
        • Senile cardiac amyloidosis: transthyretin deposits in heart, often asymptomatic
        • Familial amyloid cardiomyopathy: mutated transthyretin deposits, leading to restrictive cardiomyopathy (more common in African Americans)
    • Other causes of amyloid deposit (non-systemic)
      • Type II diabetes: deposits of amylin in the pancreas
      • Developmental failure of third and fourth pharyngeal pouches: 22q11 microdeletion, leading to T-cell deficiency, hypocalcemia, and facial and associated abnormalities

    Immunodeficiencies

    • Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID): defective cell-mediated and humoral immunity, leading to high susceptibility to infections
      • Causes: cytokine receptor defects, adenosine deaminase deficiency, MHC class II deficiency
    • X-linked agammaglobulinemia: complete lack of immunoglobulins due to impaired B-cell maturation, resulting in increased susceptibility to bacteria and enteroviruses
    • Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID): low immunoglobulin levels due to defects in B-cells or helper T-cells, with elevated risk of infections and autoimmune diseases
    • IgA deficiency: reduced IgA levels, leading to increased risk of bacterial infections

    Cancer

    • Cancer (neoplasia) formation: DNA damage in stem cells leading to disrupted regulatory systems
    • Oncogenes: mutations in proto-oncogenes lead to uncontrolled growth
      • Oncogenes include growth factors, receptors, signal transducers, nuclear regulators, and cell cycle regulators.
    • Different cancers have different growth patterns and spread mechanism (e.g., hematogenous versus seeding)
    • Benign tumors: slow-growing, well-encapsulated, distinct, and mobile
    • Malignant tumors: rapid-growing, poorly defined, infiltrative, fixed, and metastatic.
    • Tumor classification: requires biopsy for definite determination

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    Description

    Explore the concepts of growth adaptations and atrophy in relation to organ size and function. This quiz covers hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and the processes that lead to decreased organ size due to stress reduction. Understand how these processes impact homeostasis and cellular structure.

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