Growth Adaptations and Atrophy

<p>Can develop into cancer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac muscle in response to hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Change from one type of epithelial cell to another (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intermediate filaments are tagged with ubiquitin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Barrett esophagus from chronic acid exposure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of the nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coagulative necrosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of abscesses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyknosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When blood re-enters loosely organized tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occurs in ischemic infarction except in the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microglial cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deposits of serum amyloid-associated protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nephrotic syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mediterranean origin individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abdominal fat pad (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Senile cardiac amyloidosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They require transplantation of the affected organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restrictive cardiomyopathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect precancerous changes before they become malignant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pap smear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They induce and regulate normal cell growth and differentiation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colonic carcinoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They promote unregulated cellular growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They damage DNA and disrupt critical cellular processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They relay receptor activation to the nucleus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tumor promotion and progression can occur. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disorganized growth with loss of polarity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal cell carcinoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organized growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through biopsy or excision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ovarian carcinoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High mitotic activity with atypical mitosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Invasive growth into local tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thymus and parathyroid development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defective T-cell activation and maturation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial and protozoal infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>X-linked Agammaglobulinemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sterile isolation and stem cell transplantation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternal antibodies protection during early months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Toxic buildup of adenosine and deoxyadenosine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organ maintains a stable internal environment in response to stress.

Changes in organ size or structure due to changes in stress levels.

Increased number of cells in an organ due to stress.

Increased size of cells in an organ due to stress.

Decreased size of an organ due to reduced stress or stimuli.

Programmed cell death, a way to lose cells in atrophy.

Change in cell type in an organ in reaction to stress.

Abnormal cell growth that can lead to cancer.

Necrosis and apoptosis are the two main mechanisms of cell death.

The death of large groups of cells, followed by inflammation; pathologic, not physiological.

Necrotic tissue remains firm; proteins coagulate, preserving cell shape; nucleus disappears. Characteristic of ischemic infarcts (except brain).

Necrotic tissue becomes liquefied because of enzymatic protein breakdown.

A type of Liquefactive Necrosis where proteolytic enzymes from microglial cells break down brain tissue.

A type of Liquefactive Necrosis where proteolytic enzymes from neutrophils break down tissue

Loss of blood supply to a tissue leading to cell death.

Infarct that re-fills with blood; seen in tissues with loose organization (e.g., lungs, testes).

Systemic deposition of AA amyloid, derived from serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA), in response to chronic inflammatory states.

An acute-phase reactant that increases in chronic inflammation, malignancy, or Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF).

A genetic disorder (autosomal recessive) of neutrophil function, causing recurrent episodes of fever and serosal inflammation.

Abnormal protein deposits in tissues, often causing organ damage.

Amyloid deposits throughout the body, affecting multiple organs.

Kidney dysfunction characterized by protein loss in the urine.

Heart muscle stiffening due to amyloid deposits, disrupting heart function.

Requires tissue biopsy of affected organs, like abdominal fat pad or rectum.

A developmental disorder caused by a deletion on chromosome 22, leading to the absence of the thymus and parathyroids resulting in T-cell deficiency and hypocalcemia.

A group of disorders characterized by severe defects in both cell-mediated and humoral immunity, making individuals extremely vulnerable to infections.

A type of SCID where the body's cells cannot properly respond to cytokines, essential for the development and function of immune cells.

A type of SCID where a buildup of toxic byproducts causes damage to lymphocytes, leading to severe immune deficiency.

A type of SCID where the body lacks the MHC Class II protein, necessary for T helper cell activation, leading to impaired immune responses.

A genetic disorder where mature B cells are absent due to a mutation in the Bruton tyrosine kinase gene, leading to severe antibody deficiencies.

An immune disorder with low immunoglobulin levels caused by defects in B-cell or helper T-cell function, leading to increased infection risk.

A condition where the body lacks sufficient IgA antibodies, increasing risk of infections, particularly in the mucosal areas.

A type of cancer spread where cancer cells travel through the blood stream to distant sites.

Renal cell carcinoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid, Choriocarcinoma

Cancer cells spread directly within a body cavity, typically through peritoneal fluid.

Ovarian carcinoma

Slow growing, well-defined, distinct, and mobile.

Fast growing, poorly defined, infiltrative, and fixed to surrounding tissue.

Well-differentiated, organized growth, uniform nuclei, low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, minimal mitotic activity, no invasion, no metastatic potential.

Poorly differentiated (anaplastic), disorganized growth, nuclear pleomorphism, high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, high mitotic activity, invasion, metastatic potential.

Regular tests to detect cancer early, aiming to catch precancerous changes (dysplasia) or cancer before symptoms appear.

A test to screen for cervical dysplasia (precancerous changes) before it develops into cervical cancer.

An X-ray of the breast used to detect breast cancer early, even before it can be physically felt.

A blood test used to help detect prostate cancer, along with a digital rectal exam.

A stool test to check for hidden (occult) blood, often used to screen for colon cancer.

An agent that can cause damage to DNA, increasing the risk of developing cancer.

A normal gene that helps regulate cell growth and differentiation; mutations can turn it into an oncogene, leading to uncontrolled growth.

A mutated form of a proto-oncogene that promotes uncontrolled cell growth, contributing to cancer development.