Groupthink and Policy Decisions Quiz

Archival research.

The Bay of Pigs invasion and the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Failure to utilize available information.

<p>To assess how decision-makers processed policy-relevant information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Groupthink.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal documents, creative products, biographies, and governmental records.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tendency to process information in simplistic and biased ways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The key characteristic is that in a true experiment, the researcher can randomly allocate participants to conditions, while in a quasi-experiment, pre-existing groups are used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The independent variable is the manipulated variable that the researcher examines for its effect on the dependent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random allocation involves assigning participants to different groups in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants could be allocated to either view a violent television program or an exciting athletics race.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difference in behavior can be attributed to the type of material viewed, due to the random allocation of participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True experiments provide stronger evidence for causal relationships due to the control over random allocation and manipulation of variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a quasi-experiment, pre-existing groups of participants are either exposed or not exposed to the independent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lack of random allocation can lead to biased results, as participant characteristics might influence the observed outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Draw conclusions about causality with some confidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Charles M. Judd is a leading scholar in social cognition and an expert in experimental design and methodologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surveys focus on measuring existing levels of relevant variables rather than manipulating them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Field experiments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 1999 Thomas M. Ostrom Award for Lifetime Contributions to Social Cognition Theory and Research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They address practical and ethical considerations in research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Survey research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol start="2006"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mediating variable is one that influences the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable; it is important because it helps clarify the mechanisms through which effects occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>David A. Kenny is a prominent researcher known for his work on moderation and mediation, particularly through his influential paper with Reuben Baron in 1986.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study accurately establishes a causal relationship between independent and dependent variables; it is significant as it ensures that results are due to the manipulation of the independent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A control group serves as a baseline to compare against the experimental group, helping to isolate the effects of the independent variable and strengthen causal inferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three types of validity are internal validity, construct validity, and external validity; internal validity assesses causal relationships, construct validity ensures accurate measurement of constructs, and external validity relates to the generalizability of results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential threats include selection bias, where groups differ beyond the independent variable, and other confounding variables that may influence the outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Validity refers to the degree to which a study accurately measures what it intends to measure, ensuring the findings are based on sound evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kenny's work has provided a framework for understanding how each individual's behavior in a dyad affects the other, emphasizing the interdependent nature of social interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Miller's study showed that Americans often attribute behavior to dispositional factors, while Indian Hindus are more likely to consider contextual explanations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social psychological theories may not hold universally because they can change when people modify their behaviors based on understanding those theories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The subjects of social sciences are people who attribute meaning to their actions, whereas natural sciences study inanimate objects that do not ascribe meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meta-analysis can statistically integrate results from independent studies to determine if findings are consistent across different investigations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One implication is that theories in social psychology may have limited temporal validity because understanding them can lead to behavior modification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Miller's study focuses on the fundamental attribution error, which is the tendency to attribute others' behaviors to dispositional rather than contextual factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In social psychology, the relationship between the researcher and the subjects involves human meaning, unlike the objective nature of natural sciences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal validity refers to the extent to which changes in the independent variable lead to changes in the dependent variable without influence from other factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural norms significantly shape psychological tendencies, influencing how individuals explain behaviors and understand their social world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using different experimenters can introduce a confounding variable, making it impossible to determine if the results are due to the proximity variable or differences in the experimenters' influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Construct validity is the degree to which operational definitions accurately reflect the abstract variables they represent, ensuring valid conclusions about relationships between variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Threats to construct validity include social desirability, demand characteristics, and experimenter expectancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An experimental confound occurs when an independent variable is intertwined with two or more components, making it difficult to isolate the effects of each variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No, high internal validity does not guarantee high construct validity because a causal relationship may exist between variables that do not accurately capture the constructs intended.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example is if different experimenters have varying demeanor or authority levels, which may influence participants' responses alongside the intended manipulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Considering both is vital to ensure that the findings accurately reflect causal relationships and that the measures truly represent the constructs of interest.</p> Signup and view all the answers