90 Questions
What is one of the factors contributing to group polarization?
Social Comparison
What is the effect of diffusion of responsibility in group decision making?
It can lead to a willingness to take greater risks and adopt more extreme positions
In a criminal trial, what is the typical decision rule for a group outcome to be determined?
2/3-majority
What is the impact of group size on jury decision making in a criminal trial?
6-person groups are more likely to convict when the proportion favoring a guilty verdict is low
What is the order effect in a criminal trial with multiple charges?
The order in which charges are considered can influence conviction rates
What is normative influence in group polarization?
Individuals adjust their opinions to conform and gain acceptance or approval from the group
What is the impact of informational influence in group polarization?
As individuals hear persuasive arguments, they may become more convinced of the validity of their own position and adopt more extreme positions
What is the impact of social comparison in group polarization?
Individuals adjust their views to align more closely with the perceived majority opinion
What is the impact of understanding group polarization?
It can help individuals and leaders be more aware of potential biases and dynamics in group settings
What is the positive implication of group polarization?
It can lead to collective action, mobilization, and the adoption of innovative ideas if the initial group consensus is positive or constructive
What is entitativity in the context of groups?
The property that makes a group seem like a coherent, distinct, and unitary entity.
What characterizes high-entitativity groups?
Clear boundaries, internal homogeneity, and shared fate.
What principle guides common-bond groups?
Egocentric principle of maximizing rewards and minimizing costs to own contribution.
What is the primary focus of common-identity groups?
Group goal being more salient than personal goals.
What effect is observed in the presence of an unresponsive audience?
Social facilitation effect.
What does drive theory propose about the presence of others?
It causes arousal to motivate performance.
What type of tasks are likely to show improvement in the presence of others according to social facilitation effect?
Well-learned or easy tasks.
What is the impact of increased arousal on behavior according to drive theory?
It energizes behaviors.
What is the source of social facilitation effect in the presence of others?
Increased arousal.
What type of groups have clear boundaries, internal homogeneity, and shared fate?
High-entitativity groups.
According to Zajonc's arousal theory, what effect does the presence of others have on performance?
Improved performance with a correct dominant response and impaired performance with an incorrect dominant response
What is the key difference between a work group and a work team?
A work group has interrelated task goals, whereas a work team has interdependent actions, specific roles, and common task goals
What does role theory focus on within a group?
Specific positions within a group and the behaviors directed towards individuals in those positions
What is the process of members' commitment and role changes within a group called?
Group socialization
What are the stages of development that interactive groups go through?
Forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning
What does the Ringelmann effect refer to?
Reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task
What does social loafing involve?
Reduction in individual effort on a collective task due to the belief that others are also working
What is brainstorming?
Uninhibited generation of ideas in a group to enhance creativity
What does group polarization refer to?
Phenomenon where individuals' attitudes or opinions become more extreme over time as a result of group discussion or interaction
What contributes to individuals becoming more extreme in their opinions within a group, as explained by group polarization?
Social comparison theory (normative influence) and persuasive argument theory (informational influence)
What is the primary difference between hostile aggression and instrumental aggression?
Hostile aggression is motivated by anger and hostility, while instrumental aggression is motivated by gaining attention or wealth.
What did the study involving film descriptions reveal about high trait aggressive individuals?
High trait aggressive individuals were more likely to choose a violent film to watch than low trait aggressive individuals.
What is desensitization in the context of mass media and aggression?
Desensitization refers to a reduction in emotional responsiveness to violent or provocative content due to frequent exposure.
What is the portrayal of aggressors in mass media according to the text?
Aggressors are often portrayed as the good guys who go unpunished.
What is the impact of situational determinants on aggression?
Situational determinants can influence the likelihood of aggressive behavior.
What is the key characteristic of instrumental aggression?
The motive behind instrumental aggression is to achieve a specific goal.
What did the study involving film descriptions reveal about low trait aggressive individuals?
Low trait aggressive individuals were less likely to choose a violent film to watch than high trait aggressive individuals.
What does the Catharsis hypothesis propose?
Acting aggressively or viewing aggressive materials reduces feelings of anger and aggression
What is the key concept of Type A personality?
Striving to achieve, time urgency, competitiveness, and hostility
What does the general aggression model propose as personal factors influencing aggression?
Arousal, affect, and cognition
What is the purpose of an operational definition in empirical research on aggression?
To allow manipulation and measurement of aggression
What is the primary focus of evolutionary social psychology?
Viewing complex social behavior as adaptive and assuming an innate basis for aggression
What is the biological basis for all social behavior according to evolutionary social psychology?
An innate basis for aggression
What does the Darwinian theory emphasize in relation to aggression and survival?
Aggression helps reproduction and survival of the fittest favors aggressive individuals
What is the concept of catharsis in relation to aggressive motivation?
A dramatic release of pent-up feelings, suggesting that aggressive motivation is 'drained' by acting against a frustrating object or by substitutes
What is the purpose of an analogue device in research on aggression?
To faithfully mimic the 'real' thing and conduct ethical research on aggression
According to the text, which theory explains that arousal from one source can lead to an aggressive response if interpreted as appropriate?
The excitation-transfer model
What did the Bobo doll experiment demonstrate about children's behavior?
Children imitate aggressive behavior after observing it in adults
In the culture of honor, what can damage a man's reputation and lead to validation of abuse in relationships?
Female infidelity
According to the text, which theory emphasizes that aggressive behaviors are learned in association with specific cues and are susceptible to reinforcement or rewards?
Social learning theory
What does the neo-associationist analysis suggest can lead to aggressive behavior through memory networks and priming effects?
Exposure to violent media
According to the text, what factors can influence the level of aggression due to frustration?
Severity of interference and frequency of interference
According to the text, what can lead to unintended aggressive consequences according to the excitation-transfer model?
Overall excitation
Which measure was used to assess mood in the study?
Revised Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist
What was the finding regarding the relationship between media violence consumption and behavior in the school year?
Consumption of media violence early in the school year predicted higher aggressive behavior and less prosocial behavior later in the school year
What did the study with 227 college students show about the link between violent video game playing and aggressive behavior?
There was a link between violent video game playing and aggressive behavior
What was the association between time spent playing video games and academic grades in college?
Time spent playing video games was associated with lower academic grades in college
What was the finding regarding the effect of exposure to violent video games on aggressive behavior in participants?
Exposure to violent video games temporarily increased aggressive behavior in participants
What did the study suggest about the noticeability of high temperatures and their impact on attributions of discomfort?
High temperatures are more noticeable early in the day and may lead to attributing discomfort to heat rather than the actions of others
What does the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis propose?
All frustration leads to aggression, and all aggression comes from frustration. Aggression reduces tension generated by frustration
What does the Bobo doll experiment demonstrate about children's behavior?
Children imitate aggressive behavior after observing it in adults
What does the culture of honor emphasize?
Strong concerns about one's reputation and a willingness to use violence to revenge any perceived wrong or insult
What does the excitation-transfer model suggest?
Arousal from one source can lead to an aggressive response if interpreted as appropriate
What does social learning theory emphasize about aggression?
Aggressive behaviors are learned in association with specific cues and are susceptible to reinforcement or rewards
What does the neo-associationist analysis suggest about exposure to violent media?
It can lead to aggressive behavior through memory networks and priming effects
What is the definition of hate crimes according to the text?
Acts of violence against stereotyped minority groups
What is the role of goal importance, severity of interference, frequency of interference, and goal proximity in aggression according to the text?
They influence the level of aggression
What is the key difference between hostile aggression and instrumental aggression?
Hostile aggression is motivated by anger and hostility, while instrumental aggression is motivated by gaining attention or acquiring wealth
What did the study involving film descriptions reveal about high trait aggressive individuals?
High trait aggressive individuals were more likely to choose a violent film to watch than low trait aggressive individuals
What is desensitization in the context of mass media and aggression?
Desensitization refers to a reduction in emotional responsiveness to violent or provocative material due to repeated exposure
What does the Catharsis hypothesis propose?
The Catharsis hypothesis proposes that expressing aggression or watching others express aggression reduces aggressive drive and tendencies
What is the impact of situational determinants on aggression?
Situational determinants can influence the likelihood of aggressive behavior in individuals
What is the portrayal of aggressors in mass media according to the text?
Aggressors are often portrayed as the good guys who go unpunished
What characterizes high-entitativity groups?
High-entitativity groups have clear boundaries, internal homogeneity, and shared fate
What did the study with 227 college students show about the link between violent video game playing and aggressive behavior?
It showed a significant link between violent video game playing and aggressive behavior
What does the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis propose?
All frustration leads to aggression, and all aggression comes from frustration
What was the finding regarding the effect of exposure to violent video games on aggressive behavior in participants?
Exposure to violent video games temporarily increased aggressive behavior in participants
What is the impact of increased arousal on behavior according to drive theory?
Increased arousal leads to an increase in dominant responses
What is the key concept of Type A personality?
Competitive and time-conscious behavior
What is the impact of situational determinants on aggression?
Situational determinants can influence the likelihood of aggressive behavior
What is the impact of social comparison in group polarization?
Social comparison can strengthen existing viewpoints, leading to more extreme decisions
What does the Darwinian theory emphasize in relation to aggression and survival?
Aggression helps reproduction and is related to survival of the fittest
What is the primary focus of evolutionary social psychology?
Viewing complex social behavior as adaptive and having an innate basis
What is the key concept of Type A personality?
Striving to achieve, time urgency, competitiveness, and hostility
What is the purpose of an analogue device in research on aggression?
To faithfully mimic the 'real' thing for ethical research on aggression
What is the impact of catharsis hypothesis according to the text?
Acting aggressively or viewing aggressive materials reduces feelings of anger and aggression
What does the general aggression model propose as personal factors influencing aggression?
Arousal, affect, cognition
What is the impact of situational determinants on aggression?
They can influence the expression of aggressive behavior
What is the impact of group size on jury decision making in a criminal trial?
It can influence the verdict and decision outcomes
What is the portrayal of aggressors in mass media according to the text?
They are often depicted as powerful and dominant
Study Notes
Group Dynamics and Performance
- Zajonc's arousal theory suggests that the presence of others automatically produces arousal, leading to improved performance with a correct dominant response and impaired performance with an incorrect dominant response.
- A work group is a collection of people interacting with interrelated task goals, whereas a work team has interdependent actions, specific roles, and common task goals.
- Role expectations, role conflict, and role differentiation are key aspects of role theory, which focuses on specific positions within a group and the behaviors directed towards individuals in those positions.
- Group socialization is the process of members' commitment and role changes within a group.
- Interactive groups go through five stages of development: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.
- Groups are often better than an average individual but may be worse than the best member, with performance varying based on the task and decision-making context.
- The Ringelmann effect refers to the reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task, attributed to factors such as output equity, evaluation apprehension, and matching to standards.
- Social loafing is the reduction in individual effort on a collective task due to the belief that others are also working, while social compensation involves increased effort to compensate for other group members' lack of effort.
- Brainstorming is the uninhibited generation of ideas in a group to enhance creativity, but it can lead to differences in opinions, such as choice shift and group polarization.
- Group polarization refers to the phenomenon where individuals' attitudes or opinions become more extreme over time as a result of group discussion or interaction.
- Group polarization can be explained by social comparison theory (normative influence) and persuasive argument theory (informational influence), both of which contribute to individuals becoming more extreme in their opinions within a group.
- Group polarization can occur in various contexts, such as social, political, or organizational settings, and can lead to more extreme or polarized opinions within a group.
Effects of Media, Video Games, Heat, and Construal Processes on Aggression
- High trait aggressive individuals felt more angry after viewing violent videotapes than low trait aggressive individuals
- Mood measurements included a Hostility subscale of the revised Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist
- Videotape violence increased aggression in high trait aggressive individuals more than low trait aggressive individuals
- 530 3rd, 4th & 5th grade students participated in a study linking media violence to aggressive behavior and hostile attribution bias
- Consumption of media violence early in the school year predicted higher aggressive behavior and less prosocial behavior later in the school year
- Media effects study with 227 college students showed a link between violent video game playing and aggressive behavior
- Time spent playing video games was associated with lower academic grades in college
- Exposure to violent video games temporarily increased aggressive behavior in participants
- High temperatures are more noticeable early in the day and may lead to attributing discomfort to heat rather than the actions of others
- In the evening, high temperatures may not be as noticeable, leading to attributing heat-induced arousal to another person's action
- Aggression was measured using physical aggression, relational aggression, verbal aggression, and prosocial behavior subscales
- Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis suggests that all frustration leads to aggression, and all aggression comes from frustration. Aggression reduces tension generated by frustration
Effects of Media, Video Games, Heat, and Construal Processes on Aggression
- High trait aggressive individuals felt more angry after viewing violent videotapes than low trait aggressive individuals
- Mood measurements included a Hostility subscale of the revised Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist
- Videotape violence increased aggression in high trait aggressive individuals more than low trait aggressive individuals
- 530 3rd, 4th & 5th grade students participated in a study linking media violence to aggressive behavior and hostile attribution bias
- Consumption of media violence early in the school year predicted higher aggressive behavior and less prosocial behavior later in the school year
- Media effects study with 227 college students showed a link between violent video game playing and aggressive behavior
- Time spent playing video games was associated with lower academic grades in college
- Exposure to violent video games temporarily increased aggressive behavior in participants
- High temperatures are more noticeable early in the day and may lead to attributing discomfort to heat rather than the actions of others
- In the evening, high temperatures may not be as noticeable, leading to attributing heat-induced arousal to another person's action
- Aggression was measured using physical aggression, relational aggression, verbal aggression, and prosocial behavior subscales
- Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis suggests that all frustration leads to aggression, and all aggression comes from frustration. Aggression reduces tension generated by frustration
Test your knowledge of group dynamics and performance with this quiz. Explore concepts such as Zajonc's arousal theory, work groups versus work teams, role theory, group socialization, stages of group development, the Ringelmann effect, social loafing, brainstorming, and group polarization. Gain insights into how group dynamics impact performance and decision-making in various contexts.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
