Groundwater Storage and Movement
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Questions and Answers

What is an artesian well?

  • A well that is always dry.
  • A well that can spurt water above the land surface. (correct)
  • A well drilled into a non-pressurized aquifer.
  • A well that requires a pump to extract water.

In the experimental setup, where would you expect the water level to be highest?

  • At the high end of the container. (correct)
  • At the low end of the container.
  • At the middle of the container.
  • Throughout the container at the same level.

Where is the water likely to be under the greatest pressure in the experimental setup?

  • Near the top of the sand layer.
  • At the low end of the container. (correct)
  • In the impermeable layer of clay.
  • At the exact middle of the container.

What will most likely happen if water flows from one of the straws in the experiment?

<p>The water table will drop and the surface water will be affected. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What material is used to cover the sand in the experiment to prevent water flow?

<p>Clay or similar impermeable material. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of freshwater on Earth is stored in polar ice caps and glaciers?

<p>70 percent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when precipitation infiltrates the ground and becomes groundwater?

<p>Infiltration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does porosity affect groundwater storage?

<p>It depends on the size and variety of particles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT directly involved in the cycling of groundwater?

<p>Combustion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily composes the hydrosphere on Earth?

<p>Water in and on Earth's crust (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the small openings in sediment and rock that store groundwater?

<p>Pore spaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the relation between aquifers and springs?

<p>Springs occur where groundwater flows naturally to the surface from aquifers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the size and variety of particles in a material influence porosity?

<p>Variety in particle size can increase or decrease porosity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the region below the Earth's surface where all pores are filled with groundwater called?

<p>Zone of Saturation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occupies the pores in the zone of aeration?

<p>Air and moisture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is gravitational water primarily moved?

<p>Trickles downward due to gravity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the upper boundary of the zone of saturation?

<p>Water Table (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of water is held in pore spaces above the water table due to surface tension?

<p>Capillary water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic typically does NOT describe the zone of saturation?

<p>Found above the water table (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes variability in the depth of the water table?

<p>Local conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the interaction between gravitational and capillary water?

<p>Gravitational water trickles down while capillary water is drawn up (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a layer of permeable subsurface material that is saturated with water?

<p>Aquifer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the permeability of a material refer to?

<p>Its ability to allow water to pass through (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes barriers to groundwater flow?

<p>Aquicludes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence the flow velocity of groundwater?

<p>Slope of the water table and permeability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are natural discharges of groundwater at Earth’s surface known as?

<p>Springs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can springs emerge from?

<p>Sides of valleys, edges of perched water tables, and faults (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the water table fluctuate?

<p>With seasonal and other weather conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the emergence of springs?

<p>Springs emerge from various geological contacts including faults. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes hot springs compared to regular springs?

<p>They discharge water that is much warmer than the average temperature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when a geyser erupts?

<p>Water vapor builds up pressure and forces an explosion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as a result of overpumping from wells?

<p>Formation of a cone of depression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an artesian aquifer?

<p>It contains water under pressure that can flow without pumping. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the temperature of water discharged from a spring typically compare to the ambient temperature?

<p>It matches the average annual temperature of the area. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of a cone of depression around a well?

<p>Too many wells pumping simultaneously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a well?

<p>To reach an aquifer for groundwater extraction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the temperature of water in warm springs compared to springs in cooler climates?

<p>It is influenced by geothermal activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Groundwater storage

Groundwater is stored in the pore spaces of materials like soil, sediment, and rock beneath Earth's surface.

Porosity

The amount of pore space in a material, determined by the size and type of particles.

Infiltration

Precipitation soaking into the ground to become groundwater.

Groundwater

Water held underground in soil and rock.

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Water Cycle

Continuous movement of water between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere.

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Precipitation

Water falling from the atmosphere to Earth's surface (e.g., rain, snow).

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Aquifer

A body of permeable rock and sediment that can contain groundwater.

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Spring

A place where groundwater flows naturally out of the ground.

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Zone of Saturation

The area below ground where water completely fills the spaces between soil particles.

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Zone of Aeration

The area above the water table where rocks and soil are moist, but air fills the spaces.

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Gravitational water

Water that moves downward due to gravity in the ground.

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Capillary water

Water that is drawn upward from the water table through tiny spaces in soil and rocks.

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Water movement

Water moves in both saturated and unsaturated zones, in various ways.

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Varying water table

The depth of the water table depends on local conditions.

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Unsaturated Zone

The area above the water table where soil and rock are not fully filled with water.

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Permeability

A material's ability to let water pass through it.

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Aquiclude

A layer of impermeable rock that prevents groundwater flow.

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Groundwater flow velocity

Depends on water table slope and material permeability.

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Spring (groundwater)

A natural discharge of groundwater that emerges at the surface.

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Groundwater discharge

Where groundwater comes out of the earth’s surface.

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Spring emergence locations

Springs emerge from valleys, water table edges, faults, and underground pathways.

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Spring Temperature

The temperature of a spring usually reflects the average annual temperature of the region it's located in.

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Warm Springs

Springs that discharge water warmer than the average annual temperature of the surrounding area.

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Hot Springs

Springs with water temperatures significantly warmer than the surrounding area.

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Geysers

Explosive hot springs where water is heated past its boiling point, causing it to vaporize and erupt at the surface.

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Well

A hole dug or drilled into the ground to access an aquifer.

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Ordinary Well

A well that accesses a water-table aquifer, where the water level is below the ground surface.

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Overpumping

Excessive pumping of groundwater from wells can lower the water table, creating a cone of depression.

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Artesian Well

A well that taps into an artesian aquifer where water is under pressure.

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Artesian aquifer

A confined aquifer where groundwater is under pressure, typically because it is trapped between layers of impermeable rock.

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What is an artesian well?

An artesian well is a type of well that taps into a confined aquifer where groundwater pressure forces water up to the surface, sometimes even flowing out as a fountain.

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What makes water rise in an artesian well?

The pressure in a confined aquifer, created by the weight of overlying rock and water, forces the water up the well.

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How would the water table in the container change if water flowed from one of the straws?

If water flows from one of the straws, the water table will lower in the container. The water level in the container will decrease, indicating that the water table has lowered in response to the outflow.

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Study Notes

Groundwater Storage and Movement

  • Groundwater is stored in pore spaces within soil, sediment, and rock.
  • Porosity is the amount of pore space in a material and is influenced by particle size and variety.
  • The zone of saturation is where groundwater completely fills the pores.
  • The water table is the upper boundary of the zone of saturation.
  • A perched water table lies above the main water table due to an impermeable layer.

Groundwater Movement

  • Flow velocity depends on the slope of the water table and permeability of the material.
  • Permeability is the ability of a material to allow water to pass through it.

Springs

  • Springs are natural discharges where groundwater emerges at Earth's surface.
  • Springs can emerge from various locations like sides of valleys, fault lines, or underground pathways.
  • Spring temperature is generally the average annual temperature of the region.
  • Warm or hot springs have temperatures higher than the average annual temperature.
  • Geysers are explosive hot springs in which heated water vapor builds up tremendous pressure before erupting.

Wells

  • Wells are dug or drilled into the ground to reach aquifers.
  • Ordinary wells are dug or drilled into the water table. Overpumping can cause a cone of depression in the water table.
  • Artesian wells tap into pressurized aquifers and can cause the water to rise above the land surface.

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Related Documents

Chapter 10 Section 1 Movement and Storage of Groundwater

Description

Test your knowledge on groundwater storage and movement. This quiz covers key concepts such as porosity, zones of saturation, water tables, and the mechanics of springs. Understand how these elements interact within the hydrological cycle.

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