Groundwater and Flood Management Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is an aquifer?

An underground layer storing significant water resources.

What is an unconfined aquifer?

An aquifer made of porous rock covered by soil out of which water can easily flow.

What is porosity?

The volume of voids in soil or rock, affecting water storage.

What is hydraulic conductivity?

<p>The ability of soil to transmit water, measured in m/s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a flood hydrograph?

<p>A graph showing river discharge over time during floods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are SUDS?

<p>Sustainable drainage systems managing stormwater effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of SUDS? (Select all that apply.)

<p>Wet and dry basins (B), Swales (C), Permeable pavements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is flood frequency analysis?

<p>Prediction of the frequency with which floods of a particular magnitude tend to occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recurrence interval?

<p>The average time between events of a certain magnitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the water balance equation?

<p>An equation representing inflow, outflow, and storage changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is land subsidence?

<p>The gradual sinking of land, which may result from the removal of groundwater or oil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Darcy's Law?

<p>A law that describes groundwater flow based on hydraulic gradients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define groundwater flow?

<p>The movement of water through soil and rock layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hydraulic head?

<p>The potential energy available to drive the flow of groundwater at a given location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cubic law?

<p>A law that describes flow rate as proportional to the cube of the radius.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the principles of stormwater management?

<p>A set of principles that guide the design and implementation of stormwater management practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define extreme events.

<p>Rare, severe weather occurrences that impact hydrology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are atmospheric rivers?

<p>Narrow bands of intense atmospheric moisture that deliver intense storms (rain and snow).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is groundwater pollution?

<p>Contamination of groundwater by harmful substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mechanisms of groundwater transport? Select all that apply.

<p>Hydrodynamic dispersion (A), Diffusion (B), Advection (C), Mechanical dispersion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is advection?

<p>The transfer of moisture through horizontal movements of air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mechanical dispersion?

<p>As water flows around grains, it moves left, right, and spreads out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrodynamic dispersion?

<p>The spreading of a solute in a fluid as it flows through a porous medium or along a channel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average linear velocity of groundwater?

<p>The rate of groundwater flow, typically in meters per day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are protection zones?

<p>Areas designated to safeguard water sources from contamination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is river discharge?

<p>Quantification of river flow, usually in cubic meters per second.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is slope stability?

<p>The potential of soil-covered slopes to withstand and undergo movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is specific yield?

<p>The ratio of water that drains from saturated soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is storativity?

<p>The volume of water stored per unit area per unit change in head.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is soil moisture?

<p>Water held in the soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is infiltration rate?

<p>The speed at which water enters soil, measured in mm/hr.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is groundwater quality?

<p>An assessment of physical, chemical, and biological water properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Ghyben-Hertzberg principle?

<p>The principle that describes the relationship between freshwater and saltwater in aquifers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a landslide?

<p>The downward movement of rock or soil due to gravity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of landslides? Select all that apply.

<p>Spreads (A), Deformation (B), Falls (C), Topples (D), Slides (E), Flows (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some causes of landslides? Select all that apply.

<p>Slope angle (A), Increase in pore water pressure (B), Removal of vegetation (C), Earthquake shaking (D), Human activity (E), Weathering (F), Undercutting (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are field methods?

<p>Techniques used for collecting data in natural environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the seasonal changes in groundwater level?

<p>The variation in the level of groundwater throughout the year due to seasonal factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Voss?

<p>A place that is very susceptible to flooding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does bømoen have to do with groundwater?

<p>It is a contaminated soil site where military activity has taken place. Mitigation efforts have been undertaken, including the use of a well field and excavation of polluted soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the actions taken at Mjelstad to protect groundwater?

<p>The use of geological or artificial barriers to protect groundwater.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the issues associated with Bryggen and how have they been addressed?

<p>Bryggen is a site where subsidence is a concern. The use of SUDS is a measure that is being taken to address the issue of land subsidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of field methods to study groundwater?

<p>MDP infiltration (A), VA method (B), Grain size analysis (C), Salt dilution (D), Floatation (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Aquifer

Underground layer storing significant water resources.

Unconfined Aquifer

An aquifer made of porous rock covered by soil, allowing easy water flow.

Confined Aquifer

An aquifer surrounded by impermeable rock or clay, hindering water flow.

Aquifuge

Formation neither containing nor transmitting significant water.

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Aquiclude

Rock body absorbing water slowly, but not fast enough to supply a well.

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Aquitard

Low permeability geologic unit storing water but transmitting it very slowly.

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Porosity

Volume of voids in soil or rock, affecting water storage.

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Hydraulic Conductivity

Soil's ability to transmit water, measured in m/s.

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Flood Hydrograph

Graph showing river discharge over time during floods.

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SUDS

Sustainable drainage systems managing stormwater effectively.

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Flood Frequency Analysis

Predicting flood occurrences of a specific magnitude.

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Recurrence Interval

Average time between events of a certain magnitude.

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Water Balance Equation

Equation for inflow, outflow, and storage changes.

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Land Subsidence

Gradual sinking of land due to groundwater removal.

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Dacy's Law

Describes groundwater flow based on hydraulic gradients.

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Groundwater Flow

Movement of water through soil and rock layers.

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Hydraulic Head

Potential energy driving groundwater flow at a location.

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Groundwater Pollution

Contamination of groundwater by harmful substances.

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Groundwater Transport Mechanisms

Diffusion, advection, mechanical, and hydrodynamic dispersion.

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Specific Yield

Ratio of drained water from saturated soil.

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Storativity

Volume of stored water per unit area per unit head change.

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Soil Moisture

Water held in soil, vital for plant growth.

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Study Notes

Groundwater and Flood Management Key Concepts

  • Aquifer: Underground layer storing significant water resources.
  • Unconfined aquifer: An aquifer made of porous rock, covered by soil, allowing water to flow easily.
  • Confined aquifer: An aquifer surrounded by impermeable rock or clay layers, hindering water flow.
  • Aquifuge: A formation that neither contains nor transmits significant quantities of water.
  • Aquiclude: A body of rock that absorbs water slowly but does not transmit it rapidly enough to supply a well.
  • Aquitard: A low permeability geologic unit or stratum storing water but transmitting it very slowly, restricting flow.
  • Porosity: The volume of voids in soil or rock; affects water storage (Vv/Vt).
  • Hydraulic conductivity: Ability of soil to transmit water (measured in m/s; q=ki= Q/A or q=KAi).
  • Flood hydrograph: Graph showing river discharge over time during floods.
  • Sustainable drainage systems (SUDS): Systems managing stormwater effectively.
  • Examples of SUDS: Permeable pavements, swales, wet and dry basins.
  • Flood frequency analysis: Predicts the frequency of floods of a particular magnitude.
  • Recurrence interval: Average time between events of a certain magnitude.
  • Water balance equation: An equation representing inflow, outflow, and storage changes (P+Q+E+AS).
  • Land subsidence: Gradual sinking of land; may result from groundwater or oil removal.
  • Darcy's law: Describes groundwater flow based on hydraulic gradients (Q = -KAi and q = Ki = (h-h)).
  • Groundwater flow: Movement of water through soil and rock layers.
  • Hydraulic head: Potential energy available to drive groundwater flow (height of water column; indicates potential energy).
  • Cubic law: Describes flow rate proportional to the cube of radius.
  • Principles of stormwater management: Managing water runoff and flow. (steps 1-3).
  • Extreme events: Rare, severe weather events impacting hydrology.
  • Atmospheric rivers: Narrow bands of intense atmospheric moisture delivery in intense storms (rain and snow).
  • Groundwater contamination: Contamination by harmful substances.
  • Groundwater transport mechanisms: Diffusion, advection, mechanical dispersion, and hydrodynamic dispersion.
  • Advection: Transfer of moisture through horizontal movements of air.
  • Mechanical dispersion: Spreading of a solute in a fluid as it flows through a porous medium or along a channel.
  • Hydrodynamic dispersion: Spreading of a solute as water flows through a porous medium.
  • Average linear velocity of groundwater flow: Rate of groundwater flow (typically in meters per day).
  • Protection zones (VOSS): Designated areas to safeguard water sources from contamination.
  • River discharge measurements: Quantification of river flow (usually in cubic meters per second).
  • Slope stability: Potential of soil-covered slopes to withstand movement (equation = safety factor = resisting forces/driving forces).
  • Specific yield: Ratio of water that drains from saturated soil (s=ne in unconfined aquifer).
  • Storativity: Volume of water stored per unit area per unit change in head.
  • Soil moisture: Water held in soil, crucial for plant growth.
  • Infiltration rate: Speed of water entering the soil (measured in mm/hr).
  • Groundwater quality: Assessment of physical, chemical, and biological water properties.
  • Ghyben-Herzberg principle: Describes the relationship between freshwater and saltwater in aquifers.
  • Landslide: Downward movement of rock or soil due to gravity.
  • Landslide types: Falls, topples, spreads, slides, flows, or deformation; vary depending on debris involved.
  • Landslide causes: Slope angle, vegetation removal, weathering, undercutting, slope composition, rainfall, slope changes, increased pore water pressure, earthquake shaking, or human activity.
  • Landslide triggers: Factors initiating a landslide.
  • Field methods: Techniques used for data collection in natural environments.
  • Seasonal changes in groundwater levels: Changes in groundwater levels throughout the year.
  • Voss: Very susceptible to flooding, using water tunnels/culverts to handle flooding.
  • bømoen: Contaminated soil, military activity, mitigation, well use
  • Mjelstad: Protect groundwater with geological/artificial barriers
  • Bryggen: Subsidence, using SUDS
  • Mindemyren: Nature-based ecosystems to address climate change
  • Examples of field methods: MDP infiltration, Floatation, salt dilution, VA method, grain size analysis.

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Explore key concepts in groundwater and flood management including aquifers, hydraulic conductivity, and sustainable drainage systems. This quiz covers the fundamentals necessary for understanding water resource management and flood control practices.

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