Ground Operations in Aviation
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Questions and Answers

In nosewheel-type airplanes, how should the elevator control be held?

  • Full aft position
  • Varies with headwind strength
  • Neutral position (correct)
  • Full forward position

    • What is the primary reason to minimize engine power during downwind taxiing?

  • To maintain aircraft control
  • To reduce the risk of wind shear
  • To reduce the risk of runway incursion
  • To avoid overheating the brakes (correct)

    • What is the recommended approach to brake application during taxiing?

  • Ride the brakes to control speed
  • Apply brakes only occasionally (correct)
  • Use the throttle to control speed
  • Apply brakes gradually and continuously

    • When should the throttle be at idle during taxiing?

    <p>Before applying brakes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should the nosewheel be straight ahead when stopping the airplane?

    <p>To relieve side load on the nosewheel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do certain makes and models of airplanes control turns during taxiing?

    <p>Using the brakes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of nosewheel-type airplanes during crosswind taxiing?

    <p>Less weathervaning tendency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a visual preflight assessment?

    <p>To mitigate airplane flight hazards and ensure regulatory airworthiness standards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a pilot accomplish during taxiing according to the AFM/POH?

    <p>Any item that is required (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an aircraft that conforms to its type design and is in condition for safe operation?

    <p>Airworthy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that experienced pilots consider during ground operations to maintain their margin of safety?

    <p>The time allocated for flight preparation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of a pilot during ground operations?

    <p>To prepare for PIC responsibilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of this chapter?

    <p>The essential elements for the regulatory basis of flight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked in the instrument case of a conventional wet magnetic compass?

    <p>Fluid level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of allowing time for flight preparation during ground operations?

    <p>It increases the pilot's margin of safety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a pilot's failure to conduct a thorough preflight assessment?

    <p>The pilot may not be aware of the airplane's airworthiness issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a pilot do if the VSI does not show a zero reading?

    <p>Use a small screwdriver to zero the instrument (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between ground operations and situational awareness?

    <p>Situational awareness begins during preparation and only ends when the airplane is safely and securely returned to its tie-down or hangar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is authorized to adjust the mechanical VSI?

    <p>The pilot flying the aircraft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a pilot do before checking the avionics?

    <p>Turn the avionics master switch ON (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is specified in the AFM/POH for advanced avionics aircraft preflight inspections?

    <p>A sequence for inspecting the aircraft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a pilot check during the inspection of the outer wing surfaces and tail section?

    <p>Signs of deterioration or distortion, and loose or missing rivets or screws (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended sequence for inspecting the aircraft?

    <p>From the cabin entry access opening in a counterclockwise direction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a pilot do to ensure a thorough preflight inspection?

    <p>Allow enough time to ensure all items are properly addressed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for identifying marginal weather or environmental conditions as a hazard?

    <p>Because it may result in the pilot having a skill level that is not adequate for managing the weather conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of not properly assessing the pilot's lack of training?

    <p>The pilot may be placed in flight regimes that exceed the pilot's stick-and-rudder capability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of risk in the context of aviation?

    <p>The future impact of a hazard that is not controlled or eliminated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of risk assessment in aviation?

    <p>To determine the degree of risk and whether it is worth the outcome of the planned activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hazard in the context of aviation?

    <p>A real or perceived condition, event, or circumstance that a pilot encounters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of risk assessment for pilots?

    <p>It allows pilots to manage and mitigate their risk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration for pilots when conducting a risk assessment?

    <p>The degree of risk and whether it is worth the outcome of the planned activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of having viable alternatives available in the event the original flight plan cannot be accomplished?

    <p>To allow pilots to have options in case the original flight plan cannot be accomplished (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the flight instruments indicate during taxiing?

    <p>Airspeed at or near zero, attitude indicator showing pitch and roll level, and altimeter indicating proper elevation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider the location of other aircraft during the before-takeoff check?

    <p>To avoid collision during takeoff (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the before-takeoff check?

    <p>To check the engine, controls, systems, instruments, and avionics prior to flight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many engine run-ups are typically performed before takeoff?

    <p>Two engine run-ups: an initial and a final run-up (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to taxi to a run-up position near the takeoff end of the runway?

    <p>To allow sufficient time for the engine to warm up to minimum oil temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the directional gyro indicate during taxiing?

    <p>The direction of turn with no flags and the ball movement toward the outside of the turn (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the vertical speed indicator (VSI) during taxiing?

    <p>To indicate zero vertical speed during taxiing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical location for performing the before-takeoff check?

    <p>In the run-up area near the takeoff end of the runway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the preflight inspection, what should the landing gear control be set to?

    <p>DOWN (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked during the electrical system checks?

    <p>Circuit breakers and all electrical systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the fuel system checks, what should be verified?

    <p>Fuel selector operation in all positions, including OFF (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the airspeed indicator read during the preflight inspection?

    <p>Zero (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected during the aircraft exterior inspection?

    <p>The entire aircraft, including wings, tail section, and landing gear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked during the instrument checks?

    <p>All flight instruments, including the altimeter, airspeed indicator, and heading indicator (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be confirmed during the preflight inspection?

    <p>The fuel quantity and tank level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a dirty, scratched, or severely crazed window a concern?

    <p>It may reduce visibility due to light refraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected on the airplane skin in areas such as spar lines and attach points?

    <p>Load-related stresses and structural deformities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should extra care be exercised on metal airplanes for wingtips, fairings, and non-structural covers?

    <p>Because they are prone to cracks radiating from screw holes or concentrated radii (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should pilots inspect for around rivet heads during preflight inspection?

    <p>Cracked paint or black-oxide film (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should pilots check on the leading edges of the wing, horizontal stabilizer, and vertical stabilizer?

    <p>Dents and dings from rocks, ice, birds, or hangar rash incidents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of 'stop-drilling' cracks in non-structural covers?

    <p>To prevent crack progression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should pilots inspect spar lines on the wing, horizontal stabilizer, and vertical stabilizer?

    <p>To check for distortion, ripples, bubbles, dents, creases, or waves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should pilots inspect on the landing gear attachment areas?

    <p>Load-related stresses and structural deformities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may render the structure unairworthy if found on the leading edges of the wing, horizontal stabilizer, and vertical stabilizer?

    <p>Dents and dings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of inspecting the cabin door during the preflight assessment?

    <p>To identify any structural damage to the surrounding structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What document is required to be on board for flights outside the United States or for airplanes greater than 12,500 pounds?

    <p>Radio station license (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the pilot inspect during the visual preflight assessment of the cabin?

    <p>The carpeting, seats, and windshield (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to be inspected on the exterior of the aircraft during the preflight assessment?

    <p>The wings, fuselage, and tail (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the pilot check during the inspection of the wings?

    <p>The wing's structure and skin damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the compass correction card?

    <p>To correct for magnetic variation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the pilot inspect during the preflight assessment of the aircraft's exterior?

    <p>The aircraft's wings, fuselage, and tail for damage and staining (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What document is required to be on board for all flights?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked during the aircraft exterior inspection?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected on the landing gear during the preflight inspection?

    <p>The entire landing gear system, including shock struts and axles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be verified during the fuel system checks?

    <p>The fuel level, fuel caps, fuel lines, fuel pumps, and fuel filters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked during the electrical system checks?

    <p>The battery, generators, electrical wiring, circuit breakers, and avionics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect of inspecting the landing gear?

    <p>Verifying the landing gear alignment and height consistency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected on the landing gear tires?

    <p>The tire pressure, remaining tread, wear pattern, and sidewall condition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to inspect the landing gear system thoroughly?

    <p>To ensure the landing gear is ready for operation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done during the instrument checks?

    <p>Check all flight instruments, such as the altimeter, airspeed indicator, and attitude indicator (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the aircraft exterior inspection, what should be inspected on the airplane skin?

    <p>Wrinkles or damage near attach points and spar lines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be confirmed during the preflight inspection of the landing gear?

    <p>Security of fasteners and safety wires (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the instrument checks, what should be inspected?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be verified during the fuel system checks?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the electrical system checks, what should be checked?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected on nose gear airplanes?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected on conventional gear airplanes with a tailwheel or skid?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected on wheel hubs?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the master switch be turned to during the preflight inspection after confirming the landing gear handle is in the DOWN position?

    <p>ON (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the airspeed indicator read during the preflight inspection?

    <p>Zero (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected during the aircraft exterior inspection?

    <p>The entire airplane, including the wings, fuselage, and tail section (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked during the fuel system checks?

    <p>Fuel selectors, fuel pumps, and fuel pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be confirmed during the preflight inspection?

    <p>The landing gear is down and locked, and fuel quantities match the tank level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected during the instrument checks?

    <p>All flight instruments, including the airspeed indicator, altimeter, and directional gyro (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked during the electrical system checks?

    <p>The master switch, alternator, and circuit breakers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the altimeter indicate during the preflight inspection, when properly set to the current barometric setting?

    <p>Field elevation within 75 feet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ground Operations

    • Experienced pilots emphasize the importance of ground operations as it's where safe flight begins and ends.
    • Preparation and preflight assessment are critical to mitigate airplane flight hazards.

    Preflight Assessment of the Aircraft

    • Ensures the aircraft meets regulatory airworthiness standards and is in a safe mechanical condition prior to flight.
    • Includes visual inspection of:
      • Airplane's airworthiness requirements
      • Important inspection items (e.g., compass, VSI, avionics)
      • Managing risk and resources
      • Proper airplane surface movements using AFM/POH and airplane checklists
    • Conforms to 14 CFR part 3, section 3.5(a), where "airworthy" means the aircraft meets its type design and is in a safe mechanical condition.

    Outer Wing Surfaces and Tail Section

    • AFM/POH specifies sequence for pilot to inspect the aircraft, often starting from the cabin entry access opening and moving counterclockwise.
    • Pilot should also develop awareness for potential areas of concern, such as signs of deterioration or distortion of the structure, loose or missing rivets or screws.

    Risk Assessment

    • Risk is the future impact of a hazard that is not controlled or eliminated.
    • Involves determining the degree of risk and whether it's worth the outcome of the planned activity.
    • A hazard can be a real or perceived condition, event, or circumstance that a pilot encounters.

    Taxiing

    • Downwind taxiing requires less engine power after initial ground roll, and pilots should keep engine power to a minimum to avoid overheating brakes.
    • Avoid continuously riding the brakes to control speed; instead, apply brakes only occasionally.
    • When stopping, always stop with the nosewheel straight ahead to relieve side load and make it easier to start moving ahead.
    • Crosswind taxiing requires rudder pressure to correct for wind direction.

    Before-Takeoff Check

    • Systematic AFM/POH procedure for checking engine, controls, systems, instruments, and avionics prior to flight.
    • Normally performed after taxiing to a run-up position near the takeoff end of the runway.
    • Includes checking oil temperature, engine run-ups, and instruments (e.g., altimeter, turn indicator, directional gyro).

    Pre-Flight Inspection

    • The pilot should inspect the aircraft for any distortions, skin damage, and fuel or oil leaks.
    • Ensure the following documents are on board or attached to the aircraft:
      • Current Airworthiness Certificate
      • Current Registration Certificate
      • Radio station license (if applicable)
      • Operating limitations
      • Current weight and balance data
      • Compass correction card (if required)
      • External data plate

    Visual Preflight Assessment

    • Inspect the cabin door and surrounding structure for any damage or misalignment.
    • Check the interior cabin or flight deck for:
      • Serviceable and dry carpeting
      • Seat belts and shoulder harnesses for fraying, proper latching, and secure attachment
      • Seats properly latched into seat rails
    • Inspect the windshield and windows for cleanliness and cracks.
    • Examine critical areas, including:
      • Spar lines (lateral rivet lines) for distortion, ripples, or bubbles
      • Wing, horizontal, and vertical attach points for damage
      • Leading edges of wings, horizontal stabilizer, and vertical stabilizer for impact damage
      • Aerodynamic devices, such as stall fences, slots, or vortex generators
      • Deicing equipment, such as weeping wings and boots
    • Inspect metal airplanes for cracks radiating from screw holes or concentrated radii.

    Pre-Flight Checklist

    • Use the AFM/POH or a third-party checklist to conduct the visual preflight inspection.
    • Include the following items in the preflight inspection:
      • Landing gear control is DOWN (if applicable)
      • Master, alternator, and magneto switches are OFF
      • Control column locks are REMOVED
      • Fuel selectors operate properly in all positions
      • Trim wheels are set for takeoff position
      • Mechanical air-driven gyro instruments are inspected for signs of hazing
      • Avionics master is OFF
      • Circuit breakers are checked IN
      • Landing gear handle is in the DOWN position
      • Master switch is turned ON
      • Fuel quantities are checked against tank levels
      • Fuel pumps are turned ON (if equipped)
      • Lights for interior and exterior positions are checked
      • Annunciator panels are checked (if equipped)
      • Landing gear down and locked lights are checked (if equipped)
    • Ensure flight instruments read correctly:
      • Airspeed should read zero
      • Altimeter indicates the field elevation within 75 feet for IFR flight
      • Magnetic compass indicates the airplane's direction accurately

    Landing Gear Inspection

    • The pilot should follow the AFM/POH during inspection to determine that the landing gear is ready for operation.
    • Inspect the landing gear system, looking for hydraulic fluid leaks, grease, oil, or fluid.
    • Verify landing gear alignment and height consistency.
    • Check landing gear shock struts for proper inflation, cleanliness, and freedom from damage.
    • Inspect axles, links, collars, over-center locks, push rods, forks, and fasteners for cracks, corrosion, and rust.
    • Check tires for proper inflation, remaining tread, and normal wear pattern.
    • Inspect wheel hubs for cracks, corrosion, and rust, and ensure all fasteners are secure.
    • Check brakes and brake systems for rust and corrosion, and ensure all fasteners and safety wires are secure.
    • Inspect shimmy dampers on tricycle gear airplanes for secure attachment and freedom from hydraulic fluid leaks.
    • On conventional gear airplanes, inspect bungee cords for security and condition.

    Engine and Propeller

    • Identify and mitigate potential hazards prior to flight to prevent risks.
    • Conduct a visual preflight inspection using the AFM/POH or a third-party checklist.
    • Check the following items during the preflight inspection:
      • Landing gear control is DOWN, if applicable.
      • Master, alternator, and magneto switches are OFF.
      • Control column locks are REMOVED.
      • Fuel selectors are checked for proper operation in all positions.
      • Trim wheels are set for takeoff position.
      • Mechanical air-driven gyro instruments are inspected for signs of hazing.
      • Avionics master is OFF.
      • Circuit breakers are checked IN.
      • Landing gear handle is in the DOWN position, and the master switch is ON.
      • Fuel quantities are checked on the fuel gauges and compared to the tank level by visual inspection.
      • Fuel pumps may be placed in the ON position to verify fuel pressure.
      • Lights for both interior and exterior airplane positions are operating.
      • Annunciator panels are checked.
      • Flight instruments are checked:
        • Airspeed should read zero.
        • Altimeter should indicate the field elevation within 75 feet for IFR flight.
        • Magnetic compass should indicate the airplane's direction accurately.
        • Compass correction card should be legible and complete.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential aspects of ground operations in aviation, including safety protocols, regulatory requirements, and pilot responsibilities. Learn how to ensure a safe and successful flight.

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