Ground Operations in Aviation
88 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

In nosewheel-type airplanes, how should the elevator control be held?

  • Full aft position
  • Varies with headwind strength
  • Neutral position (correct)
  • Full forward position

    • What is the primary reason to minimize engine power during downwind taxiing?

  • To maintain aircraft control
  • To reduce the risk of wind shear
  • To reduce the risk of runway incursion
  • To avoid overheating the brakes (correct)

    • What is the recommended approach to brake application during taxiing?

  • Ride the brakes to control speed
  • Apply brakes only occasionally (correct)
  • Use the throttle to control speed
  • Apply brakes gradually and continuously

    • When should the throttle be at idle during taxiing?

    <p>Before applying brakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should the nosewheel be straight ahead when stopping the airplane?

    <p>To relieve side load on the nosewheel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do certain makes and models of airplanes control turns during taxiing?

    <p>Using the brakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of nosewheel-type airplanes during crosswind taxiing?

    <p>Less weathervaning tendency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a visual preflight assessment?

    <p>To mitigate airplane flight hazards and ensure regulatory airworthiness standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a pilot accomplish during taxiing according to the AFM/POH?

    <p>Any item that is required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an aircraft that conforms to its type design and is in condition for safe operation?

    <p>Airworthy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that experienced pilots consider during ground operations to maintain their margin of safety?

    <p>The time allocated for flight preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of a pilot during ground operations?

    <p>To prepare for PIC responsibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of this chapter?

    <p>The essential elements for the regulatory basis of flight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked in the instrument case of a conventional wet magnetic compass?

    <p>Fluid level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of allowing time for flight preparation during ground operations?

    <p>It increases the pilot's margin of safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a pilot's failure to conduct a thorough preflight assessment?

    <p>The pilot may not be aware of the airplane's airworthiness issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a pilot do if the VSI does not show a zero reading?

    <p>Use a small screwdriver to zero the instrument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between ground operations and situational awareness?

    <p>Situational awareness begins during preparation and only ends when the airplane is safely and securely returned to its tie-down or hangar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is authorized to adjust the mechanical VSI?

    <p>The pilot flying the aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a pilot do before checking the avionics?

    <p>Turn the avionics master switch ON</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is specified in the AFM/POH for advanced avionics aircraft preflight inspections?

    <p>A sequence for inspecting the aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a pilot check during the inspection of the outer wing surfaces and tail section?

    <p>Signs of deterioration or distortion, and loose or missing rivets or screws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended sequence for inspecting the aircraft?

    <p>From the cabin entry access opening in a counterclockwise direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a pilot do to ensure a thorough preflight inspection?

    <p>Allow enough time to ensure all items are properly addressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for identifying marginal weather or environmental conditions as a hazard?

    <p>Because it may result in the pilot having a skill level that is not adequate for managing the weather conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of not properly assessing the pilot's lack of training?

    <p>The pilot may be placed in flight regimes that exceed the pilot's stick-and-rudder capability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of risk in the context of aviation?

    <p>The future impact of a hazard that is not controlled or eliminated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of risk assessment in aviation?

    <p>To determine the degree of risk and whether it is worth the outcome of the planned activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hazard in the context of aviation?

    <p>A real or perceived condition, event, or circumstance that a pilot encounters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of risk assessment for pilots?

    <p>It allows pilots to manage and mitigate their risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration for pilots when conducting a risk assessment?

    <p>The degree of risk and whether it is worth the outcome of the planned activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of having viable alternatives available in the event the original flight plan cannot be accomplished?

    <p>To allow pilots to have options in case the original flight plan cannot be accomplished</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the flight instruments indicate during taxiing?

    <p>Airspeed at or near zero, attitude indicator showing pitch and roll level, and altimeter indicating proper elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider the location of other aircraft during the before-takeoff check?

    <p>To avoid collision during takeoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the before-takeoff check?

    <p>To check the engine, controls, systems, instruments, and avionics prior to flight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many engine run-ups are typically performed before takeoff?

    <p>Two engine run-ups: an initial and a final run-up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to taxi to a run-up position near the takeoff end of the runway?

    <p>To allow sufficient time for the engine to warm up to minimum oil temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the directional gyro indicate during taxiing?

    <p>The direction of turn with no flags and the ball movement toward the outside of the turn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the vertical speed indicator (VSI) during taxiing?

    <p>To indicate zero vertical speed during taxiing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical location for performing the before-takeoff check?

    <p>In the run-up area near the takeoff end of the runway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the preflight inspection, what should the landing gear control be set to?

    <p>DOWN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked during the electrical system checks?

    <p>Circuit breakers and all electrical systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the fuel system checks, what should be verified?

    <p>Fuel selector operation in all positions, including OFF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the airspeed indicator read during the preflight inspection?

    <p>Zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected during the aircraft exterior inspection?

    <p>The entire aircraft, including wings, tail section, and landing gear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked during the instrument checks?

    <p>All flight instruments, including the altimeter, airspeed indicator, and heading indicator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be confirmed during the preflight inspection?

    <p>The fuel quantity and tank level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a dirty, scratched, or severely crazed window a concern?

    <p>It may reduce visibility due to light refraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected on the airplane skin in areas such as spar lines and attach points?

    <p>Load-related stresses and structural deformities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should extra care be exercised on metal airplanes for wingtips, fairings, and non-structural covers?

    <p>Because they are prone to cracks radiating from screw holes or concentrated radii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should pilots inspect for around rivet heads during preflight inspection?

    <p>Cracked paint or black-oxide film</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should pilots check on the leading edges of the wing, horizontal stabilizer, and vertical stabilizer?

    <p>Dents and dings from rocks, ice, birds, or hangar rash incidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of 'stop-drilling' cracks in non-structural covers?

    <p>To prevent crack progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should pilots inspect spar lines on the wing, horizontal stabilizer, and vertical stabilizer?

    <p>To check for distortion, ripples, bubbles, dents, creases, or waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should pilots inspect on the landing gear attachment areas?

    <p>Load-related stresses and structural deformities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may render the structure unairworthy if found on the leading edges of the wing, horizontal stabilizer, and vertical stabilizer?

    <p>Dents and dings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of inspecting the cabin door during the preflight assessment?

    <p>To identify any structural damage to the surrounding structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What document is required to be on board for flights outside the United States or for airplanes greater than 12,500 pounds?

    <p>Radio station license</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the pilot inspect during the visual preflight assessment of the cabin?

    <p>The carpeting, seats, and windshield</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to be inspected on the exterior of the aircraft during the preflight assessment?

    <p>The wings, fuselage, and tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the pilot check during the inspection of the wings?

    <p>The wing's structure and skin damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the compass correction card?

    <p>To correct for magnetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the pilot inspect during the preflight assessment of the aircraft's exterior?

    <p>The aircraft's wings, fuselage, and tail for damage and staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What document is required to be on board for all flights?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked during the aircraft exterior inspection?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected on the landing gear during the preflight inspection?

    <p>The entire landing gear system, including shock struts and axles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be verified during the fuel system checks?

    <p>The fuel level, fuel caps, fuel lines, fuel pumps, and fuel filters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked during the electrical system checks?

    <p>The battery, generators, electrical wiring, circuit breakers, and avionics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect of inspecting the landing gear?

    <p>Verifying the landing gear alignment and height consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected on the landing gear tires?

    <p>The tire pressure, remaining tread, wear pattern, and sidewall condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to inspect the landing gear system thoroughly?

    <p>To ensure the landing gear is ready for operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done during the instrument checks?

    <p>Check all flight instruments, such as the altimeter, airspeed indicator, and attitude indicator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the aircraft exterior inspection, what should be inspected on the airplane skin?

    <p>Wrinkles or damage near attach points and spar lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be confirmed during the preflight inspection of the landing gear?

    <p>Security of fasteners and safety wires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the instrument checks, what should be inspected?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be verified during the fuel system checks?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the electrical system checks, what should be checked?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected on nose gear airplanes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected on conventional gear airplanes with a tailwheel or skid?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected on wheel hubs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the master switch be turned to during the preflight inspection after confirming the landing gear handle is in the DOWN position?

    <p>ON</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the airspeed indicator read during the preflight inspection?

    <p>Zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected during the aircraft exterior inspection?

    <p>The entire airplane, including the wings, fuselage, and tail section</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked during the fuel system checks?

    <p>Fuel selectors, fuel pumps, and fuel pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be confirmed during the preflight inspection?

    <p>The landing gear is down and locked, and fuel quantities match the tank level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be inspected during the instrument checks?

    <p>All flight instruments, including the airspeed indicator, altimeter, and directional gyro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked during the electrical system checks?

    <p>The master switch, alternator, and circuit breakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the altimeter indicate during the preflight inspection, when properly set to the current barometric setting?

    <p>Field elevation within 75 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ground Operations

    • Experienced pilots emphasize the importance of ground operations as it's where safe flight begins and ends.
    • Preparation and preflight assessment are critical to mitigate airplane flight hazards.

    Preflight Assessment of the Aircraft

    • Ensures the aircraft meets regulatory airworthiness standards and is in a safe mechanical condition prior to flight.
    • Includes visual inspection of:
      • Airplane's airworthiness requirements
      • Important inspection items (e.g., compass, VSI, avionics)
      • Managing risk and resources
      • Proper airplane surface movements using AFM/POH and airplane checklists
    • Conforms to 14 CFR part 3, section 3.5(a), where "airworthy" means the aircraft meets its type design and is in a safe mechanical condition.

    Outer Wing Surfaces and Tail Section

    • AFM/POH specifies sequence for pilot to inspect the aircraft, often starting from the cabin entry access opening and moving counterclockwise.
    • Pilot should also develop awareness for potential areas of concern, such as signs of deterioration or distortion of the structure, loose or missing rivets or screws.

    Risk Assessment

    • Risk is the future impact of a hazard that is not controlled or eliminated.
    • Involves determining the degree of risk and whether it's worth the outcome of the planned activity.
    • A hazard can be a real or perceived condition, event, or circumstance that a pilot encounters.

    Taxiing

    • Downwind taxiing requires less engine power after initial ground roll, and pilots should keep engine power to a minimum to avoid overheating brakes.
    • Avoid continuously riding the brakes to control speed; instead, apply brakes only occasionally.
    • When stopping, always stop with the nosewheel straight ahead to relieve side load and make it easier to start moving ahead.
    • Crosswind taxiing requires rudder pressure to correct for wind direction.

    Before-Takeoff Check

    • Systematic AFM/POH procedure for checking engine, controls, systems, instruments, and avionics prior to flight.
    • Normally performed after taxiing to a run-up position near the takeoff end of the runway.
    • Includes checking oil temperature, engine run-ups, and instruments (e.g., altimeter, turn indicator, directional gyro).

    Pre-Flight Inspection

    • The pilot should inspect the aircraft for any distortions, skin damage, and fuel or oil leaks.
    • Ensure the following documents are on board or attached to the aircraft:
      • Current Airworthiness Certificate
      • Current Registration Certificate
      • Radio station license (if applicable)
      • Operating limitations
      • Current weight and balance data
      • Compass correction card (if required)
      • External data plate

    Visual Preflight Assessment

    • Inspect the cabin door and surrounding structure for any damage or misalignment.
    • Check the interior cabin or flight deck for:
      • Serviceable and dry carpeting
      • Seat belts and shoulder harnesses for fraying, proper latching, and secure attachment
      • Seats properly latched into seat rails
    • Inspect the windshield and windows for cleanliness and cracks.
    • Examine critical areas, including:
      • Spar lines (lateral rivet lines) for distortion, ripples, or bubbles
      • Wing, horizontal, and vertical attach points for damage
      • Leading edges of wings, horizontal stabilizer, and vertical stabilizer for impact damage
      • Aerodynamic devices, such as stall fences, slots, or vortex generators
      • Deicing equipment, such as weeping wings and boots
    • Inspect metal airplanes for cracks radiating from screw holes or concentrated radii.

    Pre-Flight Checklist

    • Use the AFM/POH or a third-party checklist to conduct the visual preflight inspection.
    • Include the following items in the preflight inspection:
      • Landing gear control is DOWN (if applicable)
      • Master, alternator, and magneto switches are OFF
      • Control column locks are REMOVED
      • Fuel selectors operate properly in all positions
      • Trim wheels are set for takeoff position
      • Mechanical air-driven gyro instruments are inspected for signs of hazing
      • Avionics master is OFF
      • Circuit breakers are checked IN
      • Landing gear handle is in the DOWN position
      • Master switch is turned ON
      • Fuel quantities are checked against tank levels
      • Fuel pumps are turned ON (if equipped)
      • Lights for interior and exterior positions are checked
      • Annunciator panels are checked (if equipped)
      • Landing gear down and locked lights are checked (if equipped)
    • Ensure flight instruments read correctly:
      • Airspeed should read zero
      • Altimeter indicates the field elevation within 75 feet for IFR flight
      • Magnetic compass indicates the airplane's direction accurately

    Landing Gear Inspection

    • The pilot should follow the AFM/POH during inspection to determine that the landing gear is ready for operation.
    • Inspect the landing gear system, looking for hydraulic fluid leaks, grease, oil, or fluid.
    • Verify landing gear alignment and height consistency.
    • Check landing gear shock struts for proper inflation, cleanliness, and freedom from damage.
    • Inspect axles, links, collars, over-center locks, push rods, forks, and fasteners for cracks, corrosion, and rust.
    • Check tires for proper inflation, remaining tread, and normal wear pattern.
    • Inspect wheel hubs for cracks, corrosion, and rust, and ensure all fasteners are secure.
    • Check brakes and brake systems for rust and corrosion, and ensure all fasteners and safety wires are secure.
    • Inspect shimmy dampers on tricycle gear airplanes for secure attachment and freedom from hydraulic fluid leaks.
    • On conventional gear airplanes, inspect bungee cords for security and condition.

    Engine and Propeller

    • Identify and mitigate potential hazards prior to flight to prevent risks.
    • Conduct a visual preflight inspection using the AFM/POH or a third-party checklist.
    • Check the following items during the preflight inspection:
      • Landing gear control is DOWN, if applicable.
      • Master, alternator, and magneto switches are OFF.
      • Control column locks are REMOVED.
      • Fuel selectors are checked for proper operation in all positions.
      • Trim wheels are set for takeoff position.
      • Mechanical air-driven gyro instruments are inspected for signs of hazing.
      • Avionics master is OFF.
      • Circuit breakers are checked IN.
      • Landing gear handle is in the DOWN position, and the master switch is ON.
      • Fuel quantities are checked on the fuel gauges and compared to the tank level by visual inspection.
      • Fuel pumps may be placed in the ON position to verify fuel pressure.
      • Lights for both interior and exterior airplane positions are operating.
      • Annunciator panels are checked.
      • Flight instruments are checked:
        • Airspeed should read zero.
        • Altimeter should indicate the field elevation within 75 feet for IFR flight.
        • Magnetic compass should indicate the airplane's direction accurately.
        • Compass correction card should be legible and complete.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential aspects of ground operations in aviation, including safety protocols, regulatory requirements, and pilot responsibilities. Learn how to ensure a safe and successful flight.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser