Aviation Chapter 2: Ground Operations

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Questions and Answers

What does it mean for an aircraft to be considered 'airworthy'?

Has flown over a certain number of hours without incidents

Is inspected by the FAA every 6 months

Has the latest technology installed

Conforms to its type design and is in condition for safe operation (correct)

What are some items required for a preflight visual inspection?

Logbooks, airworthiness certificate, registration certificate, weight and balance data, compass correction card

The pilot's inspection should involve inspecting the airplane's ______ status.

airworthiness

A pilot must determine the airworthiness of the aircraft prior to flight.

True Signup and view all the answers

Why is it common practice to 'stop-drill' a crack that is found in wingtips, fairings, and non-structural covers on airplanes?

To prevent crack progression Signup and view all the answers

Composite airplanes generally have rivets or screws to aid in identifying spar lines and wing attach points.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of 'stop-drilling' a crack in an airplane's structure?

Preventing crack progression Signup and view all the answers

Jet fuel is a kerosene-based fuel for __________ engines.

turbine Signup and view all the answers

What are some signs that render a tire unairworthy?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

The airplane should be moved slightly to allow for evaluation of the complete tire circumference.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a shimmy damper on tricycle gear airplanes?

Damp oscillations of the nose gear Signup and view all the answers

Failure of the engine and propeller system requires a well-trained and competent pilot to respond with significant __________ constraints.

time Signup and view all the answers

Match the following risk management terms with their descriptions:

Situational Awareness = Accurate perception of operational and environmental factors affecting flight Human Resource Management = Managing available resources effectively Task Management = Managing tasks efficiently during flight Aeronautical Decision-making (ADM) = Making informed decisions related to aviation operations Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a postflight inspection?

To check the airplane for any damage and ensure it is in good condition. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key components of the communication process mentioned for pilots?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Thrust is a forward force that opposes drag.

True Signup and view all the answers

List at least four human resources that pilots need to communicate effectively with.

Weather briefers, flight line personnel, maintenance personnel, air traffic personnel Signup and view all the answers

Weight ___ the aircraft downward due to the force of gravity.

pulls Signup and view all the answers

Automated systems in aircraft generally improve a pilot's situational awareness.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following major components of an airplane with their descriptions:

Fuselage = Central body that accommodates crew, passengers, and cargo. Wings = Main lifting surfaces that support the airplane in flight. Empennage = Tail assembly of the airplane. Landing Gear = Supporting structures which allow the airplane to taxi, takeoff, and land. Powerplant = Source of propulsion for the airplane. Signup and view all the answers

During refueling operations, it is advisable for the pilot to remove all passengers from the aircraft to ensure that the correct fuel and quantity is dispensed into the airplane and that any caps and cowls are properly secured after ______.

refueling Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Ground Operations with their associated operations:

Refueling operations = Ensuring correct fuel and quantity dispensed Passenger and baggage security and loading = Supervising baggage loading and security Ramp and taxi operations = Understanding and managing ground movement Standard ramp signals = Following established signals for ground operations Signup and view all the answers

During crosswind taxiing, why does a nosewheel-type airplane have less tendency to weathervane compared to a tailwheel-type airplane?

Nosewheel's ground friction helps resist the tendency. Signup and view all the answers

What type of pressure provides steering control during crosswind taxiing for safe and efficient ground handling in nosewheel-type airplanes?

rudder pressure Signup and view all the answers

Before takeoff, many engines require that the oil temperature reach a minimum value as stated in the __________ before takeoff power is applied.

AFM/POH Signup and view all the answers

During the run-up, the airplane should be positioned clear of buildings, other aircraft, and groups of people to prevent injury or property damage from the propeller slipstream.

True Signup and view all the answers

Match the following before-takeoff briefing items with their descriptions:

Departure procedure = Runway to be used, initial heading, and altitude Takeoff procedure = Power setting, airspeed, and flap setting Emergency procedures = Actions in case of engine failure during takeoff, after takeoff, and in flight Signup and view all the answers

Why should a person unfamiliar with the controls never occupy the pilot's seat when hand propping is necessary?

To mitigate hazardous consequences Signup and view all the answers

The ignition/magneto switch should be checked to ensure that it is ON before hand propping.

False Signup and view all the answers

The person doing the hand propping should face the descending blade squarely and stand slightly less than one arm's length from the blade to avoid falling forward into the rotating ____ when the engine starts.

blades Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hand propping commands with their corresponding actions:

Person out front says, 'FUEL ON, SWITCH OFF, THROTTLE CLOSED, BRAKES SET.' = Setting the fuel on, switch off, throttle closed, and setting the brakes Pilot seat occupant says, 'FUEL ON, SWITCH OFF, THROTTLE CLOSED, BRAKES SET.' = Checking fuel on, mixture rich, switch off, throttle closed, and brakes set Person out front says, 'BRAKES AND CONTACT.' = Pulling the propeller through to prime the engine Pilot seat occupant says, 'BRAKES AND CONTACT.' = Checking brakes and turning the magneto switch on i = n Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of control surfaces attached to the rear edges of the wings in most modern airplanes?

Ailerons and Flaps Signup and view all the answers

Flaps on an airplane's wing are not extended during cruising flight.

True Signup and view all the answers

The empennage includes fixed surfaces like the vertical stabilizer and horizontal stabilizer, along with movable surfaces like the rudder, elevator, and ____________.

trim tabs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the engine in an airplane's powerplant?

provide the power to turn the propeller Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of composite construction in aircraft?

Smooth skins and ability to form complex structures Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common matrix used in aircraft composite materials?

Epoxy resin Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of fiberglass in aircraft construction compared to carbon fiber?

Heavyweight Signup and view all the answers

Carbon fiber has higher bending stiffness than fiberglass.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the three conventional grades of aviation gasoline (AVGAS)?

80/87, 100LL, 100/130 Signup and view all the answers

What color is 100LL AVGAS dyed for grade identification?

blue Signup and view all the answers

It is acceptable to substitute a lower-grade fuel for a higher-grade fuel in an aircraft.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of severe detonation in an aircraft engine?

engine failure Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aviation fuel grades with their respective dye colors:

80/87 = red 100LL = blue 100/130 = green Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'airworthy' mean per 14 CFR part 3, section 3.5(a)?

The aircraft conforms to its type design and is in condition for safe operation Signup and view all the answers

The pilot in command of a civil aircraft is responsible for determining whether the aircraft is in condition for safe flight. (True/False)?

True Signup and view all the answers

What items should the pilot inspect prior to flight according to 14 CFR part 91, section 91.409?

Annual inspection, 100-hour inspection, transponder certification, static system and encoder certification, etc. Signup and view all the answers

If a small screwdriver can be used to zero the ____________ instrument if not part of an electronic display.

vertical speed indicator (VSI) Signup and view all the answers

What are the key components of the communication process for pilots?

Inquiry, advocacy, assertion Signup and view all the answers

Pilots need to seek enough information from available resources to make valid decisions.

True Signup and view all the answers

Pilots should be aware of both equipment capabilities and equipment limitations in order to manage those systems effectively and __________.

safely Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of skills required for flying safely:

Stick-and-rudder skills = Control the airplane Skills related to aircraft systems operation = Proficient operation of aircraft systems ADM skills = Skill that addresses decision-making in the flight deck Signup and view all the answers

Describe the importance of effectively managing workload during critical phases of flight.

Managing workload during critical phases of flight is important to prevent overload and stress, ensuring safe performance. Signup and view all the answers

What should the pilot do before starting the airplane engine to mitigate hazards?

Ensure the area surrounding the airplane is clear Signup and view all the answers

Which components should be inspected to ensure the airplane tire's airworthiness?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Abnormal wear patterns on tires do not affect their airworthiness.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a shimmy damper on tricycle gear airplanes?

To dampen oscillations of the nose gear Signup and view all the answers

Risk management is a process for identifying and mitigating __________.

hazards Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components to their inspection requirements:

Propeller spinner = Free from dents, cracks, corrosion Alternator/generator drive belts = Proper tension and signs of wear Air filter = Free from dirt or restrictions, properly serviced Exhaust system = Checked for white stains, cracks in the stacks Signup and view all the answers

What words are used in place of 'magnetos OFF' and 'magnetos ON' during hand propping?

CONTACT and SWITCH OFF Signup and view all the answers

What should be checked immediately after the engine starts during hand propping?

oil pressure indicator Signup and view all the answers

During taxiing, the pilot should continuously ride the brakes to control speed.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the general steps included in the parking and securing procedure of an airplane?

Position the airplane in the designated parking spot; Set the parking brake; Shut down the engine(s) in accordance with the AFM/POH; Turn off all electrical switches and avionics; Close the fuel selector valve(s); Secure the control surfaces with control locks; Chock the wheels; Install the gust locks, if applicable; Install the pitot tube cover; Install the engine inlet covers, if applicable; Secure the airplane with tie-down ropes or chains; Conduct a postflight inspection to check for any damage or abnormalities. Signup and view all the answers

What should be inspected during a postflight inspection?

Engine oil level Signup and view all the answers

Light Sport Aircraft (LSA) are designed according to FAA airworthiness standards.

False Signup and view all the answers

Drag is a rearward, retarding force caused by disruption of airflow by the wing, fuselage, and other protruding objects. It opposes 1.

thrust Signup and view all the answers

During crosswind taxiing, how does the weathervaning tendency of nosewheel-type airplanes compare to tailwheel-type airplanes?

Less Signup and view all the answers

What type of ground friction helps resist the weathervaning tendency during crosswind taxiing in nosewheel-type airplanes?

Nosewheel friction Signup and view all the answers

The before-takeoff checklist is performed after taxiing to a run-up position near the takeoff end of the _____.

runway Signup and view all the answers

During the run-up, the airplane should be positioned into the wind to improve engine cooling.

True Signup and view all the answers

Match the following engine checks with their descriptions:

Propeller = Check propeller at low pitch, high rpm setting Magneto(s) = Ensure both magnetos are functioning properly Carburetor heat = Note rpm decrease and increase to remove ice Engine control movement = Check throttle, mixture, and propeller controls for full range of motion Oil pressure and temperature = Check oil pressure within normal range and oil temperature limits Fuel pressure = Check fuel pressure within normal operating range Vacuum gauge = Ensure vacuum system is operating within specified limits Ammeter = Check electrical system charging status Engine idle setting = Check idle rpm within limits specified in AFM/POH Signup and view all the answers

What is a firewall in aircraft construction?

A protective barrier made of heat-resistant material Signup and view all the answers

What was the first all-fiberglass aircraft certified by the FAA in the normal category?

Diamant HBV Signup and view all the answers

Composite construction in aircraft offers the advantage of easily forming complex curved or streamlined structures.

True Signup and view all the answers

Composite materials are fiber-reinforced __ systems.

matrix Signup and view all the answers

Match the composite material with its advantage in aircraft construction:

Fiberglass = Easy to work with and relatively inexpensive Carbon fiber = Lighter than fiberglass and stronger in tensile and compressive strength Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of control surfaces attached to the rear edges of the wings in airplanes?

Ailerons and flaps Signup and view all the answers

During cruising flight, the flaps in an airplane are normally extended downward.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the rudder in an airplane?

move the airplane's nose left and right Signup and view all the answers

The landing gear is the principal support of the airplane when parked, taxiing, taking off, or landing. The most common type of landing gear consists of ____.

wheels Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their descriptions:

Monocoque construction = Uses stressed skin to support almost all loads like an aluminum beverage can Truss structure = Construction method that uses tubing, struts, and skin to form a braced framework Semimonocoque construction = Uses a substructure to which the airplane's skin is attached, combining stressed skin and reinforcing substructure Signup and view all the answers

What color is aviation gasoline (AVGAS) grade 100LL dyed for identification?

Blue Signup and view all the answers

Detonation in an aircraft engine causes the fuel/air charge to burn smoothly.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of 'stop-drilling' a crack in composite airplanes?

prevent crack progression Signup and view all the answers

Inspecting composite airplanes can be more challenging as they generally have no or to aid in identifying spar lines and wing attach points.

rivets Signup and view all the answers

Match the grade of AVGAS with its respective dye color:

80/87 = Red 100LL = Blue 100/130 = Green Signup and view all the answers

What should a pilot do if the landing gear transitions into the airplane's structure?

Inspect the attachment points and airplane skin Signup and view all the answers

Identifying hazards is the first step in the risk management process.

True Signup and view all the answers

What role does the shimmy damper play in tricycle gear airplanes?

Damp oscillations of the nose gear Signup and view all the answers

The _____ make up the propulsion system of the airplane.

engine and propeller Signup and view all the answers

Match the following risk management elements to their descriptions:

Situational Awareness = Accurate perception of operational and environmental factors Human Resource Management = Management of available resources including crew members Task Management = Managing assigned responsibilities effectively Aeronautical Decision-making (ADM) = Making informed decisions related to aviation operations Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'airworthy' mean as per 14 CFR part 3, section 3.5(a)?

The aircraft is in condition for safe operation Signup and view all the answers

Annual inspection is required for all aircraft within the preceding 12 calendar months according to 14 CFR part 91, section 91.409(a).

True Signup and view all the answers

The pilot should inspect the airplane logbooks to ensure that records of maintenance, alteration, and inspections are _ and _.

current and correct Signup and view all the answers

Match the following documents with their required presence on board, attached, or affixed to the airplane:

Current Airworthiness Certificate = 14 CFR part 91, section 91.203 Current Registration Certificate = 14 CFR part 91, section 91.203 Operating limitations = 14 CFR part 91, section 91.9 External data plate = 14 CFR part 45, section 45.11 Signup and view all the answers

Why should a person unfamiliar with the controls never occupy the pilot's seat during hand propping?

For safety reasons Signup and view all the answers

During hand propping, the ground surface near the propeller should be unstable and full of debris.

False Signup and view all the answers

What voice commands should both participants agree on before starting the hand propping procedure?

FUEL ON, SWITCH OFF, THROTTLE CLOSED, BRAKES SET Signup and view all the answers

The person doing the hand propping should face the descending blade squarely and stand slightly less than one ____'s length from the blade.

arm Signup and view all the answers

What are the key components of the communication process between pilots and ground personnel?

Inquiry, advocacy, and assertion Signup and view all the answers

Pilots should manage equipment capabilities but are not required to be aware of equipment limitations.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) process focus on?

decision-making in the flight deck and identifying steps in good decision-making Signup and view all the answers

Prior to engine start, the pilot must ensure the ramp area surrounding the airplane is clear of persons, equipment, and other hazards that could come into contact with the airplane or the ________.

propeller Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ground operations tasks with their descriptions:

Refueling operations = Ensuring correct fuel quantity and proper sealing after refueling Passenger and baggage security and loading = Supervising secure loading to maintain aircraft balance Ramp and taxi operations = Navigating the aircraft on the ground safely Standard ramp signals = Understanding and following communication signals on the ground Signup and view all the answers

What are the two advantages of composite construction mentioned in the text?

Smooth skins and ability to form complex curved structures Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common matrix used in aircraft construction for composite materials?

Epoxy resin Signup and view all the answers

Fiberglass is heavier than carbon fiber.

True Signup and view all the answers

The fibers in composite materials carry most of the load, while the _______ gives the part its shape.

matrix Signup and view all the answers

During crosswind taxiing, why does a nosewheel-type airplane have less weathervaning tendency compared to tailwheel-type airplanes?

Main wheels are located behind the airplane's center of gravity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a before-takeoff check?

The before-takeoff check is to systematically check the engine, controls, systems, instruments, and avionics before flight. Signup and view all the answers

What gauge should be checked to ensure that the ______ is within the normal operating range?

fuel pressure Signup and view all the answers

Carburetor heat check should result in an increase in rpm if ice is present.

True Signup and view all the answers

What item should be checked to ensure that the electrical system is charging properly?

Ammeter Signup and view all the answers

What are the general steps included in the parking and securing procedure of an airplane?

Close the fuel selector valve(s) Signup and view all the answers

A postflight inspection should be conducted after each flight to ensure that the airplane is in good condition and to identify any maintenance issues that may need to be addressed. One of the items included in the postflight inspection is to check the engine ___ level and look for any signs of oil leaks.

oil Signup and view all the answers

Light Sport Aircraft are designed according to FAA airworthiness standards.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the central body of an airplane called?

Fuselage Signup and view all the answers

Match the aircraft components with their descriptions:

Wings = The main lifting surfaces attached to each side of the fuselage. Empennage = The tail assembly of the airplane. Landing Gear = The structures that support the airplane when on the ground. Powerplant = The part of the aircraft that provides propulsion. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of control surfaces attached to the rear edges of the wings in most modern airplanes?

Ailerons and Flaps Signup and view all the answers

The flaps on an airplane are extended during cruising flight.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the engine in an airplane?

to provide power to turn the propeller Signup and view all the answers

_______ provides controlled flight in weight-shift control aircraft.

highly swept wings Signup and view all the answers

Match the aircraft parts with their descriptions:

Empennage = Includes tail group with fixed and movable surfaces Landing Gear = Principal support for airplane during various operations Powerplant = Includes engine and propeller for providing thrust Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an airplane according to 14 CFR part 1?

An engine-driven, fixed-wing aircraft that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of air against its wings Signup and view all the answers

The FAA certifies only aircraft and engines.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of airworthiness standards?

To ensure that aviation products are designed with no unsafe features. Signup and view all the answers

Aircraft are categorized into different types, including ___________, rotorcraft, glider, and lighter-than-air.

airplane Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aircraft components with their descriptions:

Wings = Provide lift to the aircraft Engine = Provides thrust to the aircraft Empennage = Includes fixed surfaces like the vertical stabilizer and horizontal stabilizer Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an autopilot system in an advanced avionics aircraft?

To provide autopilot functionality Signup and view all the answers

Light Sport Aircraft (LSA) have their own handbooks that include detailed information regarding aerodynamics and control.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of following best practices in ground operations?

To minimize the risks associated with ground operations and ensure a safe and successful flight. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for pilots to focus on ground operations?

It's where safe flight begins and ends Signup and view all the answers

Pilots should only focus on the flying portion of flight and ignore ground operations.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the essential elements for the regulatory basis of flight?

airplane's airworthiness requirements, important inspection items when conducting a preflight visual inspection, managing risk and resources, and proper and effective airplane surface movements Signup and view all the answers

The visual preflight assessment ensures that any aircraft flown meets regulatory __________ standards and is in a safe mechanical condition prior to flight.

airworthiness Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements of ground operations with their descriptions:

Preflight Assessment = Mitigates airplane flight hazards Risk Management = Manages risk and resources Airplane Surface Movements = Proper and effective movement on the ground Postflight Inspection = Ensures safety after flight Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a preflight visual inspection?

To ensure the aircraft meets airworthiness standards Signup and view all the answers

Why is situational awareness important during ground operations?

It begins during preparation and only ends when the airplane is safely and securely returned to its tie-down or hangar, or if a decision is made not to go. Signup and view all the answers

A pilot can assume the aircraft is airworthy without conducting a preflight visual inspection.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a conformity inspection?

To ensure the aircraft is built according to the approved design Signup and view all the answers

Standard airworthiness certificates are issued for primary category aircraft.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the four forces that act upon an aircraft in relation to straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight?

Thrust, lift, weight, and drag Signup and view all the answers

The airworthiness certificate remains valid as long as the required _______________ and inspections are kept up to date for the aircraft.

maintenance Signup and view all the answers

Match the following forces with their descriptions:

Thrust = The forward force produced by the powerplant/propeller Lift = The upward force that opposes the weight of the aircraft Weight = The downward force that pulls the aircraft towards the ground Drag = The backward force that opposes the thrust of the aircraft Signup and view all the answers

How often must the airworthiness certificate be carried in the aircraft?

Only during flight operations Signup and view all the answers

The FAA issues a Special airworthiness certificate for normal category aircraft.

False Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of the engine in an aircraft's powerplant is to provide _______________.

thrust Signup and view all the answers

What type of airworthiness certificate is issued for normal, utility, acrobatic, commuter, or transport category aircraft?

Standard Signup and view all the answers

The airworthiness certificate remains valid as long as the required maintenance and inspections are kept up to date for the aircraft.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the four forces that act upon an aircraft in relation to straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight?

Thrust, lift, weight, and drag. Signup and view all the answers

The FAA issues an airworthiness _______________________ for the aircraft when it meets the design and manufacturing standards.

certificate Signup and view all the answers

Match the following airworthiness certificates with their descriptions:

Standard = Issued for primary, restricted, or limited category aircraft Special = Issued for normal, utility, acrobatic, commuter, or transport category aircraft Provisional = Issued for experimental aircraft Signup and view all the answers

The airworthiness certificate must be carried in the aircraft during all flight operations.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a conformity inspection during the manufacturing process?

To ensure that each part is built exactly according to the approved design. Signup and view all the answers

Thrust is the forward force produced by the _______________________.

powerplant/propeller Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the FAA's airworthiness standards?

To ensure that aviation products are designed with no unsafe features. Signup and view all the answers

The FAA certifies only two types of aviation products: aircraft and propellers.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe an aircraft that contains a global positioning system (GPS) navigation system with a moving map display, in conjunction with another system, such as an autopilot?

Advanced avionics aircraft Signup and view all the answers

The FAA certifies aviation products according to the standards set forth in _____________ of the Code of Federal Regulations.

Title 14 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following categories of aircraft for certification of airmen with their definitions:

Airplane = Engine-driven, fixed-wing aircraft that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of air against its wings. Rotorcraft = Glider = Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of this chapter?

Aircraft construction. Signup and view all the answers

Light Sport Aircraft (LSA) have their own handbooks that include detailed information regarding aerodynamics and control.

True Signup and view all the answers

The FAA publishes the _____________ , which provides a brief introduction to the structure of aircraft.

This chapter Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of experienced pilots during ground operations?

Assessing various factors for safe flight Signup and view all the answers

Flying an airplane presents fewer responsibilities than other forms of transportation.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a preflight visual inspection?

To ensure the aircraft meets regulatory airworthiness standards and is in a safe mechanical condition prior to flight. Signup and view all the answers

The pilot's inspection should involve inspecting the airplane's ______________________ status.

airworthiness Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements with their descriptions:

Regulatory requirements = Ensuring compliance with FAA regulations Pilot's readiness for PIC responsibilities = Assessing the pilot's ability to take control of the aircraft Airplane's condition = Evaluating the aircraft's mechanical condition Flight environment = Considering weather and other external factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of ground operations?

To ensure safe flight begins and ends Signup and view all the answers

What does situational awareness begin during?

During preparation and only ends when the airplane is safely and securely returned to its tie-down or hangar, or if a decision is made not to go. Signup and view all the answers

Pilots need to allow time for flight preparation.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a preflight assessment?

To ensure the airplane conforms to its type design and is in a safe mechanical condition Signup and view all the answers

A pilot's inspection should involve inspecting the airplane's mechanical status only.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an aircraft that conforms to its type design and is in a safe mechanical condition?

Airworthy Signup and view all the answers

The pilot in command of a civil aircraft is responsible for determining whether the aircraft is in condition for safe _______.

flight Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the communication process for pilots:

Transmission = The process of sending information Reception = The process of receiving information Understanding = The process of interpreting information Action = The process of responding to information Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the engine in an airplane's powerplant?

To generate thrust Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a preflight visual inspection?

To mitigate airplane flight hazards Signup and view all the answers

A pilot can determine the airworthiness of an aircraft without conducting a preflight visual inspection.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the FAA's certification of aircraft, engines, and propellers?

To ensure the aircraft is designed with no unsafe features Signup and view all the answers

The term "aircraft" refers to a device that is used, or intended to be used, for flight.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between an airplane and a rotorcraft?

An airplane is an engine-driven, fixed-wing aircraft that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of air against its wings, while a rotorcraft is a type of aircraft that uses rotating blades to generate lift. Signup and view all the answers

The FAA certifies three types of aviation products: aircraft, aircraft ______, and propellers.

engines Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aircraft categories with their definitions:

Airplane = An engine-driven, fixed-wing aircraft Rotorcraft = An aircraft that uses rotating blades to generate lift Glider = An aircraft that is supported in flight by rising air currents Lighter-than-air = An aircraft that is lighter than air Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an aircraft that contains a global positioning system (GPS) navigation system with a moving map display, in conjunction with another system, such as an autopilot?

Advanced avionics aircraft Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the airworthiness standards developed by the FAA?

The purpose of the airworthiness standards is to help ensure that aviation products are designed with no unsafe features. Signup and view all the answers

The pilot in command of a civil aircraft is responsible for determining whether the aircraft is in condition for safe flight.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) applies to Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes?

14 CFR part 23 Signup and view all the answers

Light sport aircraft are designed according to FAA airworthiness standards.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS)?

A document that specifies the important design and operational characteristics of an aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller. Signup and view all the answers

The FAA issues a _______________ for a product when it complies with the applicable airworthiness standards.

Type Certificate (TC) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following categories of aviation products with their corresponding airworthiness standards:

Normal Category Airplanes = 14 CFR part 27 Transport Category Airplanes = 14 CFR part 25 Aircraft Engines = 14 CFR part 33 Propellers = 14 CFR part 35 Signup and view all the answers

Gliders and powered lift are considered 'special classes' of aircraft and have their own airworthiness standards.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a Type Certificate (TC) for a light sport aircraft and a traditional aircraft?

A light sport aircraft TC is issued for the aircraft as a whole, including the airframe, engine, and propeller, whereas a traditional aircraft TC is issued for individual components. Signup and view all the answers

The FAA website where the public can access Type Certificate Data Sheets (TCDS) is _______________.

<a href="http://www.faa.gov">www.faa.gov</a> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an airworthiness certificate?

To ensure the aircraft is airworthy Signup and view all the answers

A Special airworthiness certificate is issued for normal, utility, acrobatic, commuter, or transport category aircraft.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the four forces that act upon an aircraft in relation to straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight?

Thrust, lift, weight, and drag Signup and view all the answers

The airworthiness certificate remains valid as long as the required ________ and inspections are kept up to date for the aircraft.

maintenance Signup and view all the answers

Match the following airworthiness certificates with their descriptions:

Standard = Issued for normal, utility, acrobatic, commuter, or transport category aircraft Special = Issued for primary, restricted, and limited category aircraft, and light sport aircraft Signup and view all the answers

The airworthiness certificate must be carried in the aircraft during all flight operations.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a conformity inspection?

To ensure each part is built exactly according to the approved design Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the FAA's airworthiness standards?

To ensure aircraft are designed with no unsafe features Signup and view all the answers

According to 14 CFR part 1, an airplane is defined as an engine-driven, fixed-wing aircraft that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of air against its wings. (True/False)

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the empennage in an aircraft?

The main purpose of the empennage is to provide stability and control during flight. Signup and view all the answers

The FAA certifies three types of aviation products: _______________, aircraft engines, and propellers.

aircraft Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aircraft categories with their definitions:

Airplane = Engine-driven, fixed-wing aircraft Rotorcraft = Aircraft that generates lift using rotor blades Glider = Aircraft that uses no engine and relies on gravity and air currents for lift Lighter-than-air = Aircraft that uses lift generated by being lighter than air Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an autopilot system in an advanced avionics aircraft?

To assist the pilot in flying the aircraft Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the engine in an airplane's powerplant?

The primary function of the engine is to provide thrust to propel the aircraft forward. Signup and view all the answers

The pilot in command of a civil aircraft is responsible for determining whether the aircraft is in condition for safe flight. (True/False)

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the airworthiness standard for Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes?

14 CFR part 23 Signup and view all the answers

Light sport aircraft are designed according to FAA airworthiness standards.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS), and what does it specify?

A Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS) is a document that specifies the important design and operational characteristics of an aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller. Signup and view all the answers

Aircraft engines are certified under __________ part 33.

14 CFR Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Type Certificate (TC) issued by the FAA?

To indicate that an aircraft meets the applicable airworthiness standards Signup and view all the answers

Match the following airworthiness standards with their corresponding categories of aviation products:

14 CFR part 23 = Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes 14 CFR part 25 = Transport Category Airplanes 14 CFR part 27 = Normal Category Rotorcraft 14 CFR part 29 = Transport Category Rotorcraft Signup and view all the answers

The FAA approves the design criteria for light sport aircraft.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the certification process for light sport aircraft and other aircraft?

Light sport aircraft are certified as a whole, including the airframe, engine, and propeller, whereas other aircraft are certified separately for each component. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ground Operations

Ground operations are a critical phase of flight where safety begins and ends
Pilots must ensure regulatory requirements, pilot readiness, airplane condition, flight environment, and external pressures are assessed

Airworthiness Requirements

Airworthiness means the aircraft conforms to its type design and is in a safe mechanical condition for flight (14 CFR part 3, section 3.5(a))
Owner/operator is responsible for maintenance, and pilot in command is responsible for determining airworthiness (14 CFR part 91, sections 91.7(a) and (b))

Preflight Assessment

Includes reviewing logbooks to ensure:
- Annual inspection within the preceding 12 calendar months (14 CFR part 91, section 91.409(a))
- 100-hour inspection, if operated for hire (14 CFR part 91, section 91.409(b))
- Transponder certification within the preceding 24 calendar months (14 CFR part 91, section 91.413)
- Static system and encoder certification, within the preceding 24 calendar months, for IFR flight in controlled airspace (14 CFR part 91, section 91.411)
- 30-day VOR equipment check when using the VOR system of radio navigation for IFR flight (14 CFR part 91, section 91.171)
- ELT inspection within the last 12 months (14 CFR part 91, section 91.207(d))
- ELT battery due (14 CFR part 91, section 91.207(c))
- Current status of life-limited parts per Type Certificate Data Sheets (TCDS) (14 CFR part 91, section 91.417)
- Status, compliance, logbook entries for airworthiness directives (ADs) (14 CFR part 91, section 91.417(a)(2)(v))
- Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Form 337, Major Repair or Alteration (14 CFR part 91, section 91.417)
- Inoperative equipment (14 CFR part 91, section 91.213)

Visual Preflight Inspection

Includes inspecting:
- Airplane's general appearance
- Landing gear control, master, alternator, and magneto switches
- Fuel selectors, trim wheels, and mechanical air-driven gyro instruments
- Avionics master switch, circuit breakers, and flight instruments
- Compass correction card and magnetic compass
Checking for signs of distress or failure, such as cracks, bubbles, or improper fluid levels

Outer Wing Surfaces and Tail Section

Inspect for signs of deterioration, distortion, or load-related stresses concentrated along spar lines and attach points
Check for loose or missing rivets or screws, and inspect around rivet heads
Inspect leading edges of wing, horizontal stabilizer, and vertical stabilizer for impact damage or structural deformity

Fuel and Oil

Use the correct grade of fuel for the aircraft
Check fuel quantity, grade, and quality before flight
Verify fuel caps are securely replaced after fueling
Check for fuel stains or leakage, and inspect for water and sediment contamination
Check oil level and type, and maintain the recommended level to ensure lubrication and heat transfer### Preflight Assessment
Oil levels on the oil dipstick may show higher levels when the engine is cold than when it's warm and recently shut down after a flight.
Care should be taken to keep the dipstick from coming into contact with dirty or grimy areas.
Oil levels should be inspected and verified.
Piston airplane engines typically have oil reservoirs with capacities between 4 and 8 quarts, with 6 quarts being common.

Oil Condition and Consumption

Oil color provides an insight into its operating condition.
Oils darken in color as operating hours increase, which is common and expected.
Rapid darkening of oil in the first few hours after an oil change may indicate engine cylinder problems.
Piston airplane engines consume a small amount of oil during normal operation.
Oil consumption varies depending on many factors, and increased or sudden changes in consumption should be investigated by qualified maintenance personnel.

Pilot Responsibility

The pilot is responsible for the safe outcome of the flight and should oversee line service personnel.
The pilot should monitor and ensure the correct quantity, quality, and grade of fuel and oil are added, and all fuel and oil caps are securely replaced during refueling or oil addition.

Landing Gear, Tires, and Brakes

The landing gear, tires, and brakes allow the airplane to maneuver on the ground and should be inspected to ensure positive control.
Landing gear inspection may be hindered by wheel pants or other obstacles.
The pilot should use a flashlight to inspect covered areas.
The following should be inspected:
- Landing gear struts and adjacent ground for leaking hydraulic fluid
- Landing gear for grease, oil, and fluid without any undue amounts
- Landing gear alignment and height consistency
- Shock struts for proper inflation, cleanliness, and freedom from damage
- Axles, links, collars, over-center locks, push rods, forks, and fasteners for cracks, corrosion, and rust
- Tires for proper inflation, remaining tread, and normal wear pattern
- Wheel hubs for cracks, corrosion, and rust, and secure fasteners
- Brakes and brake systems for rust, corrosion, and secure fasteners
- Shimmy damper for security and freedom from hydraulic fluid leaks

Engine and Propeller

The pilot should identify and mitigate any potential hazards prior to flight.
The engine and propeller should be inspected for proper function prior to operation.
The following should be inspected:
- Cowling for loose, worn, missing, or damaged fasteners, rivets, and latches
- Propeller spinner for dents, cracks, corrosion, and proper alignment
- Propeller blades for erosion, nicks, cracks, pitting, corrosion, and security
- Propeller hub for oil leaks and secure fasteners
- Alternator/generator drive belts for proper tension and signs of wear
- Inside the cowling for oil leaks, fuel dye, or loose objects
- Exhaust system for white stains caused by exhaust leaks
- Heat muffs for general condition and signs of cracks or leaks
- Air filter for dirt or restrictions, and proper servicing

Risk and Resource Management

Risk management is a formalized process for identifying and mitigating hazards and assessing the consequences and benefits of accepted risk.
Hazard identification is the critical first step of the risk management process.
Hazards can be conditions, events, objects, or circumstances that could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or undesired event.
Examples of hazards include:
- Marginal weather or environmental conditions
- Lack of pilot qualification, currency, or proficiency for the intended flight
Risk is the future impact of a hazard that is not controlled or eliminated.
Risk assessment determines the degree of risk and whether it is worth the outcome of the planned activity.
Risk mitigation involves reducing or eliminating the risk.
Resource management involves the effective use of all available resources, including human, equipment, and information.

Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM)

SRM is essential for a successful flight.
SRM integrates:
- Situational awareness
- Human resource management
- Task management
- Aeronautical decision-making (ADM)
Situational awareness is the accurate perception of operational and environmental factors that affect the flight.
Human resource management requires effective use of all available resources, including human, equipment, and information.
Task management involves planning ahead to reduce workload and prevent erosion of performance.
Aeronautical decision-making (ADM) is the process of recognizing and managing errors to minimize their effects.### Ramp Operations
The pilot needs to manage refueling operations, passenger and baggage security and loading, ramp and taxi operations, and standard ramp signals.
During refueling, the pilot should remove passengers, witness the refueling, and ensure correct fuel and quantity is dispensed.
The pilot should ensure passenger safety by cautioning them to move on the surface only as directed and having an escort if not under direct supervision.

Taxiing Signals

Standard aircraft taxiing signals are used to communicate with ground personnel, such as those published in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) and Advisory Circular 00-34.

Engine Starting

The pilot should ensure the ramp area is clear of persons, equipment, and hazards before engine start.
The pilot should check what is behind the airplane prior to engine start and mitigate the hazard of debris being blown into persons or property.
The pilot should turn on anti-collision lights and position (navigation) lights for night operations.
The pilot should call "CLEAR" out of the side window and wait for a response before engaging the starter.
The pilot should depress the wheel brakes and keep one hand on the throttle to manage the initial starting engine speed.

Engine Operations

The pilot should set the engine revolutions per minute (rpm) to the AFM/POH-prescribed setting after engine start.
The pilot should monitor oil pressure after engine start to ensure it reaches the AFM/POH-specified value.
The pilot should avoid continuous starter operation for periods longer than 30 seconds without a cool-down period.

Hand Propping

Hand propping should only be performed by persons who are competent with hand propping procedures and in accordance with the AFM/POH.
The procedures for hand propping are hazardous and require a team of two properly trained people.
The person directing the procedure should ensure the brakes are set and exercise controls as directed by the person pulling the propeller.

Taxiing

Taxiing is the controlled movement of the airplane under its own power while on the surface.
The pilot should maintain situational awareness of the ramp, parking areas, taxiways, runway environment, and persons, equipment, and aircraft at all times.
The pilot should be familiar with the parking, ramp, and taxi environment and review the complete taxi plan.
The pilot should be vigilant of the entire area around the airplane to ensure safe clearance from obstructions.
The pilot should maintain a safe taxiing speed and proceed at a cautious speed on congested or busy ramps.
The pilot should slow down before attempting a turn and use rudder pedals and brakes to steer the airplane.
The pilot should test the brakes for proper operation as soon as the airplane is put in motion.

Ground Operations

Ground operations are a critical phase of flight where safety begins and ends
Pilots must ensure regulatory requirements, pilot readiness, airplane condition, flight environment, and external pressures are assessed

Airworthiness Requirements

Airworthiness means the aircraft conforms to its type design and is in a safe mechanical condition for flight (14 CFR part 3, section 3.5(a))
Owner/operator is responsible for maintenance, and pilot in command is responsible for determining airworthiness (14 CFR part 91, sections 91.7(a) and (b))

Preflight Assessment

Includes reviewing logbooks to ensure:
- Annual inspection within the preceding 12 calendar months (14 CFR part 91, section 91.409(a))
- 100-hour inspection, if operated for hire (14 CFR part 91, section 91.409(b))
- Transponder certification within the preceding 24 calendar months (14 CFR part 91, section 91.413)
- Static system and encoder certification, within the preceding 24 calendar months, for IFR flight in controlled airspace (14 CFR part 91, section 91.411)
- 30-day VOR equipment check when using the VOR system of radio navigation for IFR flight (14 CFR part 91, section 91.171)
- ELT inspection within the last 12 months (14 CFR part 91, section 91.207(d))
- ELT battery due (14 CFR part 91, section 91.207(c))
- Current status of life-limited parts per Type Certificate Data Sheets (TCDS) (14 CFR part 91, section 91.417)
- Status, compliance, logbook entries for airworthiness directives (ADs) (14 CFR part 91, section 91.417(a)(2)(v))
- Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Form 337, Major Repair or Alteration (14 CFR part 91, section 91.417)
- Inoperative equipment (14 CFR part 91, section 91.213)

Visual Preflight Inspection

Includes inspecting:
- Airplane's general appearance
- Landing gear control, master, alternator, and magneto switches
- Fuel selectors, trim wheels, and mechanical air-driven gyro instruments
- Avionics master switch, circuit breakers, and flight instruments
- Compass correction card and magnetic compass
Checking for signs of distress or failure, such as cracks, bubbles, or improper fluid levels

Outer Wing Surfaces and Tail Section

Inspect for signs of deterioration, distortion, or load-related stresses concentrated along spar lines and attach points
Check for loose or missing rivets or screws, and inspect around rivet heads
Inspect leading edges of wing, horizontal stabilizer, and vertical stabilizer for impact damage or structural deformity

Fuel and Oil

Use the correct grade of fuel for the aircraft
Check fuel quantity, grade, and quality before flight
Verify fuel caps are securely replaced after fueling
Check for fuel stains or leakage, and inspect for water and sediment contamination
Check oil level and type, and maintain the recommended level to ensure lubrication and heat transfer### Preflight Assessment
Oil levels on the oil dipstick may show higher levels when the engine is cold than when it's warm and recently shut down after a flight.
Care should be taken to keep the dipstick from coming into contact with dirty or grimy areas.
Oil levels should be inspected and verified.
Piston airplane engines typically have oil reservoirs with capacities between 4 and 8 quarts, with 6 quarts being common.

Oil Condition and Consumption

Oil color provides an insight into its operating condition.
Oils darken in color as operating hours increase, which is common and expected.
Rapid darkening of oil in the first few hours after an oil change may indicate engine cylinder problems.
Piston airplane engines consume a small amount of oil during normal operation.
Oil consumption varies depending on many factors, and increased or sudden changes in consumption should be investigated by qualified maintenance personnel.

Pilot Responsibility

The pilot is responsible for the safe outcome of the flight and should oversee line service personnel.
The pilot should monitor and ensure the correct quantity, quality, and grade of fuel and oil are added, and all fuel and oil caps are securely replaced during refueling or oil addition.

Landing Gear, Tires, and Brakes

The landing gear, tires, and brakes allow the airplane to maneuver on the ground and should be inspected to ensure positive control.
Landing gear inspection may be hindered by wheel pants or other obstacles.
The pilot should use a flashlight to inspect covered areas.
The following should be inspected:
- Landing gear struts and adjacent ground for leaking hydraulic fluid
- Landing gear for grease, oil, and fluid without any undue amounts
- Landing gear alignment and height consistency
- Shock struts for proper inflation, cleanliness, and freedom from damage
- Axles, links, collars, over-center locks, push rods, forks, and fasteners for cracks, corrosion, and rust
- Tires for proper inflation, remaining tread, and normal wear pattern
- Wheel hubs for cracks, corrosion, and rust, and secure fasteners
- Brakes and brake systems for rust, corrosion, and secure fasteners
- Shimmy damper for security and freedom from hydraulic fluid leaks

Engine and Propeller

The pilot should identify and mitigate any potential hazards prior to flight.
The engine and propeller should be inspected for proper function prior to operation.
The following should be inspected:
- Cowling for loose, worn, missing, or damaged fasteners, rivets, and latches
- Propeller spinner for dents, cracks, corrosion, and proper alignment
- Propeller blades for erosion, nicks, cracks, pitting, corrosion, and security
- Propeller hub for oil leaks and secure fasteners
- Alternator/generator drive belts for proper tension and signs of wear
- Inside the cowling for oil leaks, fuel dye, or loose objects
- Exhaust system for white stains caused by exhaust leaks
- Heat muffs for general condition and signs of cracks or leaks
- Air filter for dirt or restrictions, and proper servicing

Risk and Resource Management

Risk management is a formalized process for identifying and mitigating hazards and assessing the consequences and benefits of accepted risk.
Hazard identification is the critical first step of the risk management process.
Hazards can be conditions, events, objects, or circumstances that could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or undesired event.
Examples of hazards include:
- Marginal weather or environmental conditions
- Lack of pilot qualification, currency, or proficiency for the intended flight
Risk is the future impact of a hazard that is not controlled or eliminated.
Risk assessment determines the degree of risk and whether it is worth the outcome of the planned activity.
Risk mitigation involves reducing or eliminating the risk.
Resource management involves the effective use of all available resources, including human, equipment, and information.

Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM)

SRM is essential for a successful flight.
SRM integrates:
- Situational awareness
- Human resource management
- Task management
- Aeronautical decision-making (ADM)
Situational awareness is the accurate perception of operational and environmental factors that affect the flight.
Human resource management requires effective use of all available resources, including human, equipment, and information.
Task management involves planning ahead to reduce workload and prevent erosion of performance.
Aeronautical decision-making (ADM) is the process of recognizing and managing errors to minimize their effects.### Ramp Operations
The pilot needs to manage refueling operations, passenger and baggage security and loading, ramp and taxi operations, and standard ramp signals.
During refueling, the pilot should remove passengers, witness the refueling, and ensure correct fuel and quantity is dispensed.
The pilot should ensure passenger safety by cautioning them to move on the surface only as directed and having an escort if not under direct supervision.

Taxiing Signals

Standard aircraft taxiing signals are used to communicate with ground personnel, such as those published in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) and Advisory Circular 00-34.

Engine Starting

The pilot should ensure the ramp area is clear of persons, equipment, and hazards before engine start.
The pilot should check what is behind the airplane prior to engine start and mitigate the hazard of debris being blown into persons or property.
The pilot should turn on anti-collision lights and position (navigation) lights for night operations.
The pilot should call "CLEAR" out of the side window and wait for a response before engaging the starter.
The pilot should depress the wheel brakes and keep one hand on the throttle to manage the initial starting engine speed.

Engine Operations

The pilot should set the engine revolutions per minute (rpm) to the AFM/POH-prescribed setting after engine start.
The pilot should monitor oil pressure after engine start to ensure it reaches the AFM/POH-specified value.
The pilot should avoid continuous starter operation for periods longer than 30 seconds without a cool-down period.

Hand Propping

Hand propping should only be performed by persons who are competent with hand propping procedures and in accordance with the AFM/POH.
The procedures for hand propping are hazardous and require a team of two properly trained people.
The person directing the procedure should ensure the brakes are set and exercise controls as directed by the person pulling the propeller.

Taxiing

Taxiing is the controlled movement of the airplane under its own power while on the surface.
The pilot should maintain situational awareness of the ramp, parking areas, taxiways, runway environment, and persons, equipment, and aircraft at all times.
The pilot should be familiar with the parking, ramp, and taxi environment and review the complete taxi plan.
The pilot should be vigilant of the entire area around the airplane to ensure safe clearance from obstructions.
The pilot should maintain a safe taxiing speed and proceed at a cautious speed on congested or busy ramps.
The pilot should slow down before attempting a turn and use rudder pedals and brakes to steer the airplane.
The pilot should test the brakes for proper operation as soon as the airplane is put in motion.

Ground Operations

Ground operations are a critical phase of flight where safety begins and ends
Pilots must ensure regulatory requirements, pilot readiness, airplane condition, flight environment, and external pressures are assessed

Airworthiness Requirements

Airworthiness means the aircraft conforms to its type design and is in a safe mechanical condition for flight (14 CFR part 3, section 3.5(a))
Owner/operator is responsible for maintenance, and pilot in command is responsible for determining airworthiness (14 CFR part 91, sections 91.7(a) and (b))

Preflight Assessment

Includes reviewing logbooks to ensure:
- Annual inspection within the preceding 12 calendar months (14 CFR part 91, section 91.409(a))
- 100-hour inspection, if operated for hire (14 CFR part 91, section 91.409(b))
- Transponder certification within the preceding 24 calendar months (14 CFR part 91, section 91.413)
- Static system and encoder certification, within the preceding 24 calendar months, for IFR flight in controlled airspace (14 CFR part 91, section 91.411)
- 30-day VOR equipment check when using the VOR system of radio navigation for IFR flight (14 CFR part 91, section 91.171)
- ELT inspection within the last 12 months (14 CFR part 91, section 91.207(d))
- ELT battery due (14 CFR part 91, section 91.207(c))
- Current status of life-limited parts per Type Certificate Data Sheets (TCDS) (14 CFR part 91, section 91.417)
- Status, compliance, logbook entries for airworthiness directives (ADs) (14 CFR part 91, section 91.417(a)(2)(v))
- Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Form 337, Major Repair or Alteration (14 CFR part 91, section 91.417)
- Inoperative equipment (14 CFR part 91, section 91.213)

Visual Preflight Inspection

Includes inspecting:
- Airplane's general appearance
- Landing gear control, master, alternator, and magneto switches
- Fuel selectors, trim wheels, and mechanical air-driven gyro instruments
- Avionics master switch, circuit breakers, and flight instruments
- Compass correction card and magnetic compass
Checking for signs of distress or failure, such as cracks, bubbles, or improper fluid levels

Outer Wing Surfaces and Tail Section

Inspect for signs of deterioration, distortion, or load-related stresses concentrated along spar lines and attach points
Check for loose or missing rivets or screws, and inspect around rivet heads
Inspect leading edges of wing, horizontal stabilizer, and vertical stabilizer for impact damage or structural deformity

Fuel and Oil

Use the correct grade of fuel for the aircraft
Check fuel quantity, grade, and quality before flight
Verify fuel caps are securely replaced after fueling
Check for fuel stains or leakage, and inspect for water and sediment contamination
Check oil level and type, and maintain the recommended level to ensure lubrication and heat transfer### Preflight Assessment
Oil levels on the oil dipstick may show higher levels when the engine is cold than when it's warm and recently shut down after a flight.
Care should be taken to keep the dipstick from coming into contact with dirty or grimy areas.
Oil levels should be inspected and verified.
Piston airplane engines typically have oil reservoirs with capacities between 4 and 8 quarts, with 6 quarts being common.

Oil Condition and Consumption

Oil color provides an insight into its operating condition.
Oils darken in color as operating hours increase, which is common and expected.
Rapid darkening of oil in the first few hours after an oil change may indicate engine cylinder problems.
Piston airplane engines consume a small amount of oil during normal operation.
Oil consumption varies depending on many factors, and increased or sudden changes in consumption should be investigated by qualified maintenance personnel.

Pilot Responsibility

The pilot is responsible for the safe outcome of the flight and should oversee line service personnel.
The pilot should monitor and ensure the correct quantity, quality, and grade of fuel and oil are added, and all fuel and oil caps are securely replaced during refueling or oil addition.

Landing Gear, Tires, and Brakes

The landing gear, tires, and brakes allow the airplane to maneuver on the ground and should be inspected to ensure positive control.
Landing gear inspection may be hindered by wheel pants or other obstacles.
The pilot should use a flashlight to inspect covered areas.
The following should be inspected:
- Landing gear struts and adjacent ground for leaking hydraulic fluid
- Landing gear for grease, oil, and fluid without any undue amounts
- Landing gear alignment and height consistency
- Shock struts for proper inflation, cleanliness, and freedom from damage
- Axles, links, collars, over-center locks, push rods, forks, and fasteners for cracks, corrosion, and rust
- Tires for proper inflation, remaining tread, and normal wear pattern
- Wheel hubs for cracks, corrosion, and rust, and secure fasteners
- Brakes and brake systems for rust, corrosion, and secure fasteners
- Shimmy damper for security and freedom from hydraulic fluid leaks

Engine and Propeller

The pilot should identify and mitigate any potential hazards prior to flight.
The engine and propeller should be inspected for proper function prior to operation.
The following should be inspected:
- Cowling for loose, worn, missing, or damaged fasteners, rivets, and latches
- Propeller spinner for dents, cracks, corrosion, and proper alignment
- Propeller blades for erosion, nicks, cracks, pitting, corrosion, and security
- Propeller hub for oil leaks and secure fasteners
- Alternator/generator drive belts for proper tension and signs of wear
- Inside the cowling for oil leaks, fuel dye, or loose objects
- Exhaust system for white stains caused by exhaust leaks
- Heat muffs for general condition and signs of cracks or leaks
- Air filter for dirt or restrictions, and proper servicing

Risk and Resource Management

Risk management is a formalized process for identifying and mitigating hazards and assessing the consequences and benefits of accepted risk.
Hazard identification is the critical first step of the risk management process.
Hazards can be conditions, events, objects, or circumstances that could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or undesired event.
Examples of hazards include:
- Marginal weather or environmental conditions
- Lack of pilot qualification, currency, or proficiency for the intended flight
Risk is the future impact of a hazard that is not controlled or eliminated.
Risk assessment determines the degree of risk and whether it is worth the outcome of the planned activity.
Risk mitigation involves reducing or eliminating the risk.
Resource management involves the effective use of all available resources, including human, equipment, and information.

Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM)

SRM is essential for a successful flight.
SRM integrates:
- Situational awareness
- Human resource management
- Task management
- Aeronautical decision-making (ADM)
Situational awareness is the accurate perception of operational and environmental factors that affect the flight.
Human resource management requires effective use of all available resources, including human, equipment, and information.
Task management involves planning ahead to reduce workload and prevent erosion of performance.
Aeronautical decision-making (ADM) is the process of recognizing and managing errors to minimize their effects.### Ramp Operations
The pilot needs to manage refueling operations, passenger and baggage security and loading, ramp and taxi operations, and standard ramp signals.
During refueling, the pilot should remove passengers, witness the refueling, and ensure correct fuel and quantity is dispensed.
The pilot should ensure passenger safety by cautioning them to move on the surface only as directed and having an escort if not under direct supervision.

Taxiing Signals

Standard aircraft taxiing signals are used to communicate with ground personnel, such as those published in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) and Advisory Circular 00-34.

Engine Starting

The pilot should ensure the ramp area is clear of persons, equipment, and hazards before engine start.
The pilot should check what is behind the airplane prior to engine start and mitigate the hazard of debris being blown into persons or property.
The pilot should turn on anti-collision lights and position (navigation) lights for night operations.
The pilot should call "CLEAR" out of the side window and wait for a response before engaging the starter.
The pilot should depress the wheel brakes and keep one hand on the throttle to manage the initial starting engine speed.

Engine Operations

The pilot should set the engine revolutions per minute (rpm) to the AFM/POH-prescribed setting after engine start.
The pilot should monitor oil pressure after engine start to ensure it reaches the AFM/POH-specified value.
The pilot should avoid continuous starter operation for periods longer than 30 seconds without a cool-down period.

Hand Propping

Hand propping should only be performed by persons who are competent with hand propping procedures and in accordance with the AFM/POH.
The procedures for hand propping are hazardous and require a team of two properly trained people.
The person directing the procedure should ensure the brakes are set and exercise controls as directed by the person pulling the propeller.

Taxiing

Taxiing is the controlled movement of the airplane under its own power while on the surface.
The pilot should maintain situational awareness of the ramp, parking areas, taxiways, runway environment, and persons, equipment, and aircraft at all times.
The pilot should be familiar with the parking, ramp, and taxi environment and review the complete taxi plan.
The pilot should be vigilant of the entire area around the airplane to ensure safe clearance from obstructions.
The pilot should maintain a safe taxiing speed and proceed at a cautious speed on congested or busy ramps.
The pilot should slow down before attempting a turn and use rudder pedals and brakes to steer the airplane.
The pilot should test the brakes for proper operation as soon as the airplane is put in motion.

Ground Operations

Experienced pilots emphasize the importance of ground operations, as it is where safe flight begins and ends.
A pilot's margin of safety is diminished by hasty ground operations.
Key factors to assess during ground operations include regulatory requirements, pilot readiness, airplane condition, flight environment, and external pressures.

Preflight Assessment of the Aircraft

The visual preflight assessment mitigates airplane flight hazards and ensures the aircraft meets regulatory airworthiness standards.
The term "airworthy" means the aircraft conforms to its type design and is in a safe condition for operation.

Aircraft Construction

An aircraft is a device used or intended for flight, as defined in 14 CFR part 1.
Categories of aircraft for certification of airmen include airplane, rotorcraft, glider, lighter-than-air, powered-lift, powered parachute, and weight-shift control aircraft.

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

The FAA certifies three types of aviation products: aircraft, aircraft engines, and propellers.
Airworthiness standards are outlined in Title 14 CFR and are designed to ensure aviation products are safe and free of hazardous features.
Airworthiness certificates are classified as either "Standard" or "Special," and must be carried in the aircraft during all flight operations.

Aircraft Certification

Airworthiness certificates are issued after a conformity inspection, which ensures the aircraft meets design and manufacturing standards.
The airworthiness certificate remains valid as long as required maintenance and inspections are kept up to date.

Aerodynamics

Four forces act upon an aircraft in straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight: thrust, lift, weight, and drag.
Thrust is the forward force produced by the powerplant/propeller, which opposes or overcomes the force of drag.

Ground Operations

Ground operations are crucial for safe flight, and experienced pilots emphasize their importance.
Ground operations include assessing regulatory requirements, pilot readiness, airplane condition, flight environment, and external pressures.
Pilots should allow time for flight preparation, and situational awareness begins during preparation.

Aircraft Construction

An aircraft is defined as a device used for flight according to Title 14 CFR part 1.
Categories of aircraft for certification of airmen include airplane, rotorcraft, glider, lighter-than-air, powered-lift, powered parachute, and weight-shift control aircraft.
Advanced avionics aircraft refers to an aircraft with a global positioning system (GPS) navigation system and a moving map display, along with another system.

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

The FAA certifies three types of aviation products: aircraft, aircraft engines, and propellers.
Each product has been designed to a set of airworthiness standards, which are parts of Title 14 CFR.
Airworthiness standards were developed to ensure aviation products are designed with no unsafe features.

Preflight Assessment of the Aircraft

The visual preflight assessment mitigates airplane flight hazards and ensures the aircraft meets regulatory airworthiness standards.
The term "airworthy" means the aircraft conforms to its type design and is in a safe mechanical condition prior to flight.
The airworthiness certificate is issued after a conformity inspection and remains valid as long as required maintenance and inspections are kept up to date.

Aircraft Categories

Airworthiness certificates are classified as either "Standard" or "Special".
Standard airworthiness certificates are issued for normal, utility, acrobatic, commuter, or transport category aircraft.
Special airworthiness certificates are issued for primary, restricted, limited category aircraft, light sport aircraft, provisional airworthiness certificates, special flight permits (ferry permits), and experimental aircraft.

Lift and Basic Aerodynamics

Four forces act upon an aircraft in straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight: thrust, lift, weight, and drag.
Thrust is the forward force produced by the powerplant/propeller, opposing or overcoming the force of drag.

Ground Operations

Safe ground operations are crucial for a successful flight
Pilots should always refer to the specific procedures and checklists provided in the AFM/POH for their airplane

Aircraft Construction

An aircraft is a device used or intended to be used for flight according to 14 CFR part 1
Categories of aircraft for certification of airmen include airplane, rotorcraft, glider, lighter-than-air, powered-lift, powered parachute, and weight-shift control aircraft
An airplane is an engine-driven, fixed-wing aircraft supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of air against its wings

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

The FAA certifies three types of aviation products: aircraft, aircraft engines, and propellers
Each product has been designed to a set of airworthiness standards published in 14 CFR
Different airworthiness standards apply to different categories of aviation products
The FAA issues a Type Certificate (TC) for the product when it complies with applicable airworthiness standards
A Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS) is generated, specifying the important design and operational characteristics of the aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller

Light Sport Aircraft

Light sport aircraft are not designed according to FAA airworthiness standards
Instead, they are designed to a consensus of standards agreed upon in the aviation industry
The FAA has agreed that the consensus of standards is acceptable as the design criteria for these aircraft
Light sport aircraft do not necessarily have individually type certificated engines and propellers

Preflight Assessment

The visual preflight assessment mitigates airplane flight hazards
The preflight assessment ensures that the aircraft meets regulatory airworthiness standards and is in a safe mechanical condition prior to flight

Airworthiness Standards

Different categories of aviation products have specific airworthiness standards:
- Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes: 14 CFR part 23
- Transport Category Airplanes: 14 CFR part 25
- Normal Category Rotorcraft: 14 CFR part 27
- Transport Category Rotorcraft: 14 CFR part 29
- Manned Free Balloons: 14 CFR part 31
- Aircraft Engines: 14 CFR part 33
- Propellers: 14 CFR part 35
Gliders and powered lift are considered "special classes" of aircraft and do not have their own airworthiness standards

Type Certification

The FAA issues a Type Certificate (TC) for a product when it complies with applicable airworthiness standards
A Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS) is generated, specifying important design and operational characteristics
The TCDS is publicly available on the FAA website

Light Sport Aircraft

Designed to a consensus of industry standards, not FAA airworthiness standards
Do not have individually type certificated engines and propellers
A TC is issued to the aircraft as a whole, including airframe, engine, and propeller

Aircraft Construction

An aircraft is a device used for flight, according to 14 CFR part 1
Categories of aircraft for certification of airmen include airplane, rotorcraft, glider, and others
Aircraft can be certified as Standard or Special, with corresponding airworthiness certificates

Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness

The FAA certifies three types of aviation products: aircraft, aircraft engines, and propellers
Each product is designed to a set of airworthiness standards in 14 CFR
The FAA issues an airworthiness certificate for a complete aircraft, which remains valid as long as maintenance and inspections are up to date

Lift and Basic Aerodynamics

Four forces act upon an aircraft in straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight: thrust, lift, weight, and drag
Thrust is the forward force produced by the powerplant/propeller, opposing or overcoming drag

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This quiz covers the essential concepts of ground operations in aviation, including safety protocols, regulatory requirements, and pilot preparation.

Aviation Chapter 2: Ground Operations

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Questions and Answers

What does it mean for an aircraft to be considered 'airworthy'?

What are some items required for a preflight visual inspection?

The pilot's inspection should involve inspecting the airplane's ______ status.

A pilot must determine the airworthiness of the aircraft prior to flight.

Why is it common practice to 'stop-drill' a crack that is found in wingtips, fairings, and non-structural covers on airplanes?

Composite airplanes generally have rivets or screws to aid in identifying spar lines and wing attach points.

What is the purpose of 'stop-drilling' a crack in an airplane's structure?

Jet fuel is a kerosene-based fuel for __________ engines.

What are some signs that render a tire unairworthy?

The airplane should be moved slightly to allow for evaluation of the complete tire circumference.

What is the purpose of a shimmy damper on tricycle gear airplanes?

Failure of the engine and propeller system requires a well-trained and competent pilot to respond with significant __________ constraints.

Match the following risk management terms with their descriptions:

What is the purpose of a postflight inspection?

What are the key components of the communication process mentioned for pilots?

Thrust is a forward force that opposes drag.

List at least four human resources that pilots need to communicate effectively with.

Weight ___ the aircraft downward due to the force of gravity.

Automated systems in aircraft generally improve a pilot's situational awareness.

Match the following major components of an airplane with their descriptions:

During refueling operations, it is advisable for the pilot to remove all passengers from the aircraft to ensure that the correct fuel and quantity is dispensed into the airplane and that any caps and cowls are properly secured after ______.

Match the following Ground Operations with their associated operations:

During crosswind taxiing, why does a nosewheel-type airplane have less tendency to weathervane compared to a tailwheel-type airplane?

What type of pressure provides steering control during crosswind taxiing for safe and efficient ground handling in nosewheel-type airplanes?

Before takeoff, many engines require that the oil temperature reach a minimum value as stated in the __________ before takeoff power is applied.

During the run-up, the airplane should be positioned clear of buildings, other aircraft, and groups of people to prevent injury or property damage from the propeller slipstream.

Match the following before-takeoff briefing items with their descriptions:

Why should a person unfamiliar with the controls never occupy the pilot's seat when hand propping is necessary?

The ignition/magneto switch should be checked to ensure that it is ON before hand propping.

The person doing the hand propping should face the descending blade squarely and stand slightly less than one arm's length from the blade to avoid falling forward into the rotating ____ when the engine starts.

Match the following hand propping commands with their corresponding actions:

What are the two types of control surfaces attached to the rear edges of the wings in most modern airplanes?

Flaps on an airplane's wing are not extended during cruising flight.

The empennage includes fixed surfaces like the vertical stabilizer and horizontal stabilizer, along with movable surfaces like the rudder, elevator, and ____________.

What is the primary function of the engine in an airplane's powerplant?

What is the main advantage of composite construction in aircraft?

What is the most common matrix used in aircraft composite materials?

What is a disadvantage of fiberglass in aircraft construction compared to carbon fiber?

Carbon fiber has higher bending stiffness than fiberglass.

What are the three conventional grades of aviation gasoline (AVGAS)?

What color is 100LL AVGAS dyed for grade identification?

It is acceptable to substitute a lower-grade fuel for a higher-grade fuel in an aircraft.

What is the consequence of severe detonation in an aircraft engine?

Match the following aviation fuel grades with their respective dye colors:

What does the term 'airworthy' mean per 14 CFR part 3, section 3.5(a)?

The pilot in command of a civil aircraft is responsible for determining whether the aircraft is in condition for safe flight. (True/False)?

What items should the pilot inspect prior to flight according to 14 CFR part 91, section 91.409?

If a small screwdriver can be used to zero the ____________ instrument if not part of an electronic display.

What are the key components of the communication process for pilots?

Pilots need to seek enough information from available resources to make valid decisions.

Pilots should be aware of both equipment capabilities and equipment limitations in order to manage those systems effectively and __________.

Match the following types of skills required for flying safely:

Describe the importance of effectively managing workload during critical phases of flight.

What should the pilot do before starting the airplane engine to mitigate hazards?

Which components should be inspected to ensure the airplane tire's airworthiness?

Abnormal wear patterns on tires do not affect their airworthiness.

What is the purpose of a shimmy damper on tricycle gear airplanes?

Risk management is a process for identifying and mitigating __________.

Match the following components to their inspection requirements:

What words are used in place of 'magnetos OFF' and 'magnetos ON' during hand propping?

What should be checked immediately after the engine starts during hand propping?

During taxiing, the pilot should continuously ride the brakes to control speed.

What are the general steps included in the parking and securing procedure of an airplane?

What should be inspected during a postflight inspection?

Light Sport Aircraft (LSA) are designed according to FAA airworthiness standards.

Drag is a rearward, retarding force caused by disruption of airflow by the wing, fuselage, and other protruding objects. It opposes 1.

During crosswind taxiing, how does the weathervaning tendency of nosewheel-type airplanes compare to tailwheel-type airplanes?

What type of ground friction helps resist the weathervaning tendency during crosswind taxiing in nosewheel-type airplanes?

The before-takeoff checklist is performed after taxiing to a run-up position near the takeoff end of the _____.

During the run-up, the airplane should be positioned into the wind to improve engine cooling.

Match the following engine checks with their descriptions:

What is a firewall in aircraft construction?

What was the first all-fiberglass aircraft certified by the FAA in the normal category?

Composite construction in aircraft offers the advantage of easily forming complex curved or streamlined structures.

Composite materials are fiber-reinforced __ systems.

Match the composite material with its advantage in aircraft construction:

Inspecting composite airplanes can be more challenging as they generally have no or to aid in identifying spar lines and wing attach points.

The pilot should inspect the airplane logbooks to ensure that records of maintenance, alteration, and inspections are _ and _.