Questions and Answers
What results in ground failure due to ground cracking?
Which of the following describes ground subsidence?
What type of ground failure typically results in the formation of horsts and grabens?
Which soil type is most susceptible to ground subsidence?
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Which potential damage can result from ground subsidence?
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What occurs during a landslide as a result of an earthquake?
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Which phenomenon describes the transformation of saturated granular soils from a solid to a liquid state?
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What primarily generates tsunamis?
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What is a common result of soil liquefaction when loose soil is vibrated?
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Which factor is crucial for a landslide to occur during an earthquake?
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What type of ground failure results in the temporary loss of soil stability?
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What is the relationship between earthquakes and landslides?
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Which of the following is NOT associated with soil liquefaction?
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What is the primary cause of the seismic waves generated during an earthquake?
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Which of the following is NOT a direct way an earthquake can damage a structure?
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Which type of ground failure involves displacement that reaches the earth's surface?
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What indirect effects may result from an earthquake affecting structures?
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What general phenomenon describes the various vibratory ground motions caused by earthquakes?
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In which year did modern research on earthquake-resistant structures begin in Japan?
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What was a key recommendation for building design to withstand earthquakes?
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What causes seiches in enclosed bodies of water?
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What happens to a structure during ground shaking from an earthquake?
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Which period marks the beginning of consistent explanation attempts regarding earthquakes?
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Which factors influence the earthquake forces experienced by a structure?
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What characterized the second period of earthquake research from 1950 to 1980?
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What was a significant development during the last period of the 20th Century in earthquake research?
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Who was Robert Mallet and what was his contribution to the study of earthquakes?
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Which phenomenon occurs when the natural frequency of a water body matches incoming earthquake waves?
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Study Notes
Ground Failure Types
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Landslides: Occur when marginally stable slopes become unstable due to seismic shaking during earthquakes.
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Soil Liquefaction: A process where saturated granular soils behave like a liquid when subjected to strong vibrations, losing load-bearing capacity.
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Surface Faulting: Involves the displacement of land at the Earth's surface during fault slip, commonly observed during seismic events.
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Ground Cracking: Results from soil losing support and breaking apart, forming fissures, scarps, horsts, and grabens.
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Ground Subsidience: The sinking or settling of the ground due to compaction from seismic vibrations, leading to structural damage.
Indirect Effects to Structures
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Tsunamis: Large sea waves primarily triggered by undersea earthquakes, leading to significant coastal impact.
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Seiches: Long-period waves generated in enclosed bodies of water by distant earthquakes, occurring when the water's natural frequency matches incoming seismic waves.
Ground Shaking
- Ground shaking causes oscillation of structures, subjecting them to substantial stresses and potential deformation during an earthquake.
Earthquake Forces
- The impact on structures from an earthquake is influenced by the quake's magnitude, duration, location, foundation soil type, and structural design.
Brief History of Earthquake Engineering
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Robert Mallet: An Irish civil engineer considered the first earthquake engineer whose work included comprehensive observations of seismic, geological, and engineering aspects post-1857 Naples earthquake.
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Research in earthquake-resistant structures began in Japan circa 1881, coinciding with the 1890 Nobi Earthquake, leading to advancements in predictable lateral forces.
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The 20th Century saw three distinct periods in earthquake research:
- First Period (until 1950): Focused on initial attempts at understanding earthquake mechanics.
- Second Period (1950-1980): Characterized by the development of coherent theories, gaining insights into ground motion characteristics.
- Third Period: Marked by a significant increase in seismic station networks, resulting in extensive data collection and the evolution of anti-seismic engineering concepts.
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Description
Explore the various types of ground failures caused by seismic activities, such as landslides and soil liquefaction. This quiz also covers indirect effects on structures, including tsunamis and seiches. Test your knowledge on how these geological phenomena impact the environment and infrastructure.
