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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of an earthquake?
What is the primary cause of an earthquake?
- Heavy rainfall
- Earth's rotation
- Magnetic shifts in the Earth's core
- Sudden release of stored energy in the Earth’s crust (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a way an earthquake can damage a structure?
Which of the following is NOT a way an earthquake can damage a structure?
- Ground failure
- Increased solar activity (correct)
- Shaking of the ground
- Surface faulting
Which of these effects can occur due to an earthquake?
Which of these effects can occur due to an earthquake?
- Volcanic eruptions
- Ground cracking (correct)
- Tectonic plate stabilization
- Weather changes
What broadly describes the nature of ground motions caused by earthquakes?
What broadly describes the nature of ground motions caused by earthquakes?
Which type of earthquake damage is described as the displacement that reaches the earth's surface during slip along a fault?
Which type of earthquake damage is described as the displacement that reaches the earth's surface during slip along a fault?
What phenomenon occurs when the soil at the surface loses its support and sinks or is transported?
What phenomenon occurs when the soil at the surface loses its support and sinks or is transported?
Which of the following terms describes the raised areas created during ground failure?
Which of the following terms describes the raised areas created during ground failure?
What is the primary cause of ground subsidence?
What is the primary cause of ground subsidence?
Which types of soil are most susceptible to ground subsidence?
Which types of soil are most susceptible to ground subsidence?
Which of the following is a potential damage caused by ground subsidence?
Which of the following is a potential damage caused by ground subsidence?
What triggers landslides during an earthquake?
What triggers landslides during an earthquake?
What is soil liquefaction?
What is soil liquefaction?
What effect does soil liquefaction have on construction?
What effect does soil liquefaction have on construction?
How is a tsunami primarily generated?
How is a tsunami primarily generated?
Which ground failure type is caused by violent shaking during an earthquake?
Which ground failure type is caused by violent shaking during an earthquake?
What happens to saturated granular soils during soil liquefaction?
What happens to saturated granular soils during soil liquefaction?
What is the primary characteristic of slopes that lead to landslides during an earthquake?
What is the primary characteristic of slopes that lead to landslides during an earthquake?
What phenomenon occurs when the natural frequency of a water body matches the frequency of incoming earthquake waves?
What phenomenon occurs when the natural frequency of a water body matches the frequency of incoming earthquake waves?
Which factors influence the earthquake forces that act on a structure?
Which factors influence the earthquake forces that act on a structure?
What indirect effect can an earthquake cause related to ocean activity?
What indirect effect can an earthquake cause related to ocean activity?
What is the primary consequence of ground shaking for structures during an earthquake?
What is the primary consequence of ground shaking for structures during an earthquake?
Who is considered the first earthquake engineer based on historical contributions?
Who is considered the first earthquake engineer based on historical contributions?
Which type of environment is likely to experience seiches?
Which type of environment is likely to experience seiches?
What significant event in earthquake research occurred in Japan in 1881?
What significant event in earthquake research occurred in Japan in 1881?
What was a recommended consideration for seismic design of buildings?
What was a recommended consideration for seismic design of buildings?
How is the 20th Century divided regarding earthquake research development?
How is the 20th Century divided regarding earthquake research development?
What characterized the third period of earthquake research in the 20th Century?
What characterized the third period of earthquake research in the 20th Century?
What major event preceded significant advancements in earthquake theory development during the second period (1950-1980)?
What major event preceded significant advancements in earthquake theory development during the second period (1950-1980)?
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Study Notes
Ground Failure Types: Landslides
- Occur when slopes that were marginally stable become unstable during an earthquake's violent shaking.
- Result from the abrupt movement of ground materials down a slope.
Ground Failure Types: Soil Liquefaction
- A phenomenon in which saturated granular soils temporarily behave like a liquid due to intense shaking.
- Disrupts the soil's ability to support structures, leading to potential collapse.
- Notable example: 1906 San Francisco Earthquake.
Indirect Effects: Tsunamis
- Large sea waves primarily caused by undersea earthquakes.
- Can result in catastrophic damage to coastal structures and infrastructure.
Earthquake Definition
- A sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, producing seismic waves.
- Causes broad vibratory ground motions from various sources, including tectonic activity and human-made explosions.
Damaging Effects of Earthquakes
- Can damage structures through three primary mechanisms:
- Ground failure events (landslides, liquefaction, faulting)
- Indirect effects like tsunamis and ground cracking
- Direct shaking of the ground where structures are built.
Ground Failure Types: Surface Faulting
- Involves displacement that reaches the Earth's surface during fault slip.
- Can create visible cracks and shifts in the landscape.
Ground Failure Types: Ground Cracking
- Occurs when the soil surface loses support and sinks, causing the soil layer to break.
- Results in fissures, scarps, horsts, and grabens.
Ground Failure Types: Ground Subsidence
- The ground surface settles or depresses due to compaction from earthquake vibrations.
- Common in areas with loose or compressible soils, causing structural damage like cracks or tilting.
Indirect Effects: Seiches
- Long-period oscillating waves in confined water bodies caused by distant earthquakes.
- Can occur when the natural frequency of the water body matches incoming seismic waves.
Ground Shaking
- Causes structures to oscillate back and forth and up and down, leading to substantial stress and deformation.
Earthquake Forces
- Influenced by magnitude, duration, location, type of foundation, soil characteristics, and structure design.
Brief History of Earthquake Engineering
- Robert Mallet, an Irish civil engineer, is recognized as the first earthquake engineer, analyzing the 1857 Naples earthquake.
- Modern research in earthquake-resistant structures began in Japan around 1881.
- The 20th century saw three key periods:
- Until 1950: Initial attempts to understand earthquakes through recording events.
- 1950-1980: Development of coherent theories on ground motion characteristics and structural damage.
- Post-1980: Creation of a dense network of seismic stations, resulting in extensive data and advancements in anti-seismic design concepts.
Next Topic
- Elements of Seismology.
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