10 Questions
What is the term used to describe any inherited characteristic that can be observed or detected?
Invariant trait
According to Mendel's Principle of Dominance, what do dominant alleles do?
Mask the effects of a recessive allele
Which term describes behaviors with a genetic basis?
Genetic traits
What is the result of self-pollination of the F1 generation in Mendel's experiments?
F2 generation
Which genetic concept explains when the effects of heterozygous alleles mix?
Incomplete dominance
Which of the following traits is controlled by a single gene, but exhibits multiple phenotypic effects?
Pleiotropic traits
In the ABO blood group system, which of the following statements is true?
The A and B alleles are codominant, while the O allele is recessive.
What is the primary cause of hemolytic disease in newborns?
The mother has Rh- blood, and the fetus has Rh+ blood.
What is the purpose of the Rhogam treatment during pregnancy?
To prevent the mother's immune system from producing antibodies against the fetal Rh+ red blood cells.
According to the chromosomal theory of inheritance, what is the relationship between genes and chromosomes?
Genes are located at specific positions on chromosomes and can exist in different forms called alleles.
Study Notes
Genetics Basics
- Genotype: the two copies of a gene an individual has for one trait, represented by GG, gg, or Gg
- Phenotype: the outward appearance that is physically visible, resulting from the genotype
- Genetic traits: inherited characteristics that can be observed or detected, categorized into physical, biochemical, and behavioral traits
Traits
- Invariant traits: characteristics that are the same in all individuals of a species
- Variant traits: characteristics that differ among individuals of the same species
Genes and Alleles
- Gene: the basic unit of information affecting a genetic trait, coding for one protein
- Alleles: variations of a gene
- Mutation: changes in the DNA sequence that make up the gene
Mendel's Laws
- Law of segregation: the pairs of alleles are separated into two different gametes in meiosis
- Law of independent assortment: the separation of alleles from one gene is independent of the separation of another allele
- Principle of dominance: dominant alleles mask the effects of a recessive allele
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
- Chromosome theory: explains how the chromosomes being paired, shuffled, recombined, and separated randomly into gametes explains Mendel's laws
- Gene linkage: since chromosomes are inherited together, genes on the same chromosomes are "linked" and do not go through independent assortment
Exceptions to Mendel's Work
- Not all genes show simple patterns of dominant and recessive
- Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive
- Many traits are controlled by multiple alleles or genes
- Incomplete dominance: when the effects of the heterozygous alleles mix
- Codominance: when both effects of heterozygous alleles show
- Multiple alleles: a gene with more than two alleles
- Complex traits: cannot be predicted by Mendel's laws of inheritance, including pleiotropy, polygenic, and epistasis
Blood Types
- Blood types are determined by surface proteins called antigens, with two groups: ABO and Rh
- ABO: A and B are codominant, both are dominant over O
- Rh: R is dominant over r, if you have Rh protein then you are Rh+
- Hemolytic disease: when mom is Rh- and child is Rh+, usually happens with second child, can be treated with Rhogam
Test your knowledge of genotype, phenotype, genetic traits, and different types of traits like physical, biochemical, behavioral, invariant and variant traits.
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