Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the transmission of traits from parent to offspring called?
What is the transmission of traits from parent to offspring called?
Inheritance
What is the term for the theory of 'seeds' from all body parts?
What is the term for the theory of 'seeds' from all body parts?
Pangenesis
What is the concept that traits blend together in offspring generations?
What is the concept that traits blend together in offspring generations?
Blending inheritance
Who is considered the 'father of modern genetics' and studied pea plants?
Who is considered the 'father of modern genetics' and studied pea plants?
What is the scientific name for the garden pea used in genetic studies?
What is the scientific name for the garden pea used in genetic studies?
What term describes the diverse visible characteristics in pea plants?
What term describes the diverse visible characteristics in pea plants?
What type of fertilization occurs when a female gamete is fertilized by a male gamete from the same plant?
What type of fertilization occurs when a female gamete is fertilized by a male gamete from the same plant?
What is the process of manually crossing plants to produce hybrids?
What is the process of manually crossing plants to produce hybrids?
What type of genetic cross examines variants of only one character?
What type of genetic cross examines variants of only one character?
What is the term for true-breeding parents in a genetic cross?
What is the term for true-breeding parents in a genetic cross?
What is the name for the first-generation offspring from the P generation?
What is the name for the first-generation offspring from the P generation?
What is the designation for the offspring from self-fertilized F1 hybrids?
What is the designation for the offspring from self-fertilized F1 hybrids?
What type of trait is expressed in true-breeding and F1 hybrids?
What type of trait is expressed in true-breeding and F1 hybrids?
What is the definition of a recessive trait?
What is the definition of a recessive trait?
What term describes variant forms of a gene from each parent?
What term describes variant forms of a gene from each parent?
What is the principle that alleles separate during gamete formation?
What is the principle that alleles separate during gamete formation?
What term refers to the genetic composition of an individual?
What term refers to the genetic composition of an individual?
What is the definition of phenotype?
What is the definition of phenotype?
What does it mean when an individual has two identical alleles for a gene?
What does it mean when an individual has two identical alleles for a gene?
What is the term for an individual with two different alleles for a gene?
What is the term for an individual with two different alleles for a gene?
What tool is used to predict genetic cross outcomes?
What tool is used to predict genetic cross outcomes?
What type of cross is used to identify homozygous or heterozygous traits?
What type of cross is used to identify homozygous or heterozygous traits?
What type of genetic cross examines the inheritance of two different traits?
What type of genetic cross examines the inheritance of two different traits?
What principle states that alleles assort independently during gamete formation?
What principle states that alleles assort independently during gamete formation?
What is the study of trait inheritance across generations called?
What is the study of trait inheritance across generations called?
What is the term for inheritance patterns for simple genetic diseases?
What is the term for inheritance patterns for simple genetic diseases?
What is an altered version of a gene that can cause disease symptoms?
What is an altered version of a gene that can cause disease symptoms?
What is a chart used to trace inheritance patterns?
What is a chart used to trace inheritance patterns?
What is a recessive disease affecting chloride channel function?
What is a recessive disease affecting chloride channel function?
What term describes an individual carrying one recessive allele for a trait but not exhibiting the disease?
What term describes an individual carrying one recessive allele for a trait but not exhibiting the disease?
What is the gene encoding a chloride channel that is mutated in cystic fibrosis?
What is the gene encoding a chloride channel that is mutated in cystic fibrosis?
What symptom of cystic fibrosis is a result of disrupted chloride and water movement?
What symptom of cystic fibrosis is a result of disrupted chloride and water movement?
What is a dominant genetic disorder with late-onset symptoms?
What is a dominant genetic disorder with late-onset symptoms?
What are chromosomes not involved in determining sex called?
What are chromosomes not involved in determining sex called?
What are the chromosomes that determine an individual's sex called?
What are the chromosomes that determine an individual's sex called?
What is the sex determination system in humans?
What is the sex determination system in humans?
What gene on the Y chromosome triggers male development?
What gene on the Y chromosome triggers male development?
What are traits determined by genes located on the X chromosome called?
What are traits determined by genes located on the X chromosome called?
What condition describes having only one copy of a gene, as in males?
What condition describes having only one copy of a gene, as in males?
What is the name for a disease that is more common in males because it is caused by an X-linked gene?
What is the name for a disease that is more common in males because it is caused by an X-linked gene?
What is an X-linked recessive disorder causing excessive bleeding?
What is an X-linked recessive disorder causing excessive bleeding?
What experiments linked eye color and sex in Drosophila?
What experiments linked eye color and sex in Drosophila?
What is the most common allele in a population called?
What is the most common allele in a population called?
What are rare alleles altered by mutation called?
What are rare alleles altered by mutation called?
What term describes mutations that decrease protein activity or synthesis?
What term describes mutations that decrease protein activity or synthesis?
What is the phenotype expressed with one dominant allele?
What is the phenotype expressed with one dominant allele?
What type of allele produces functional protein affecting phenotype expression?
What type of allele produces functional protein affecting phenotype expression?
What is the definition of a recessive allele?
What is the definition of a recessive allele?
What condition describes having 50% of the normal protein level, which is sufficient for a normal phenotype?
What condition describes having 50% of the normal protein level, which is sufficient for a normal phenotype?
What is the genotype (aa) with low functional protein levels?
What is the genotype (aa) with low functional protein levels?
What is the condition where heterozygotes show an intermediate phenotype?
What is the condition where heterozygotes show an intermediate phenotype?
What is an example of a condition where heterozygotes have elevated phenylalanine levels?
What is an example of a condition where heterozygotes have elevated phenylalanine levels?
What is the inheritance pattern where both alleles are expressed in the phenotype simultaneously?
What is the inheritance pattern where both alleles are expressed in the phenotype simultaneously?
What is the term for the phenotypic range under different environmental conditions?
What is the term for the phenotypic range under different environmental conditions?
What are traits influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors called?
What are traits influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors called?
What is the interaction of multiple gene products in controlling a single trait?
What is the interaction of multiple gene products in controlling a single trait?
What is the type of gene interaction where one gene's alleles mask another gene's expression?
What is the type of gene interaction where one gene's alleles mask another gene's expression?
What is an example of epistasis involving sweet peas?
What is an example of epistasis involving sweet peas?
What experiment demonstrated the involvement of two genes in sweet pea color?
What experiment demonstrated the involvement of two genes in sweet pea color?
What is the dominant allele for purple flower color in sweet peas?
What is the dominant allele for purple flower color in sweet peas?
What is another allele for purple flower color in sweet peas?
What is another allele for purple flower color in sweet peas?
What is the inactive X chromosome visible in females?
What is the inactive X chromosome visible in females?
What is the term for stable gene expression changes without DNA sequence alteration?
What is the term for stable gene expression changes without DNA sequence alteration?
What term encompasses transient changes in gene expression due to environmental factors?
What term encompasses transient changes in gene expression due to environmental factors?
What is the phenomenon where epigenetic changes are passed from parents to offspring?
What is the phenomenon where epigenetic changes are passed from parents to offspring?
What is the random inactivation of one X chromosome in females?
What is the random inactivation of one X chromosome in females?
What is the term for female cats with patches of orange and black fur?
What is the term for female cats with patches of orange and black fur?
What is an individual with cells genetically different due to X inactivation?
What is an individual with cells genetically different due to X inactivation?
What is the term for the cold temperature required for flowering in some plants?
What is the term for the cold temperature required for flowering in some plants?
How are phenotypes shaped by environmental conditions?
How are phenotypes shaped by environmental conditions?
What is the transmission of genes located outside the cell nucleus?
What is the transmission of genes located outside the cell nucleus?
What is another name for extranuclear inheritance?
What is another name for extranuclear inheritance?
What do mitochondria and chloroplasts contain that allow them to have their own genomes?
What do mitochondria and chloroplasts contain that allow them to have their own genomes?
How are organelle genomes typically inherited?
How are organelle genomes typically inherited?
What is an example of how mutations in the chloroplast genome can affect leaf color?
What is an example of how mutations in the chloroplast genome can affect leaf color?
What is present in a normal, green leaf?
What is present in a normal, green leaf?
What is the result of a mutation that prevents chlorophyll synthesis?
What is the result of a mutation that prevents chlorophyll synthesis?
What type of leaf has a mixture of normal and mutant chloroplasts?
What type of leaf has a mixture of normal and mutant chloroplasts?
What is the set of genes found in mitochondria called?
What is the set of genes found in mitochondria called?
What do 24 genes in the mitochondrial genome encode?
What do 24 genes in the mitochondrial genome encode?
What types of diseases can result from mutations in human mitochondrial genes, and how are these inherited?
What types of diseases can result from mutations in human mitochondrial genes, and how are these inherited?
What is an inherited form of vision loss caused by mutations in mitochondrial genes?
What is an inherited form of vision loss caused by mutations in mitochondrial genes?
Can a male with mitochondrial disease pass the disease to his offspring?
Can a male with mitochondrial disease pass the disease to his offspring?
What term describes the proportion of mutant mitochondria in an individual, and what is the typical threshold for disease symptoms?
What term describes the proportion of mutant mitochondria in an individual, and what is the typical threshold for disease symptoms?
What is the condition where different genes are close together on the same chromosome and tend to be transmitted as a unit?
What is the condition where different genes are close together on the same chromosome and tend to be transmitted as a unit?
What is a group of genes that usually stay together during meiosis?
What is a group of genes that usually stay together during meiosis?
What were Bateson & Punnett's crosses?
What were Bateson & Punnett's crosses?
What were the results of Bateson & Punnett's crosses in the F1 generation?
What were the results of Bateson & Punnett's crosses in the F1 generation?
Who observed a similar deviation from expected ratios in Drosophila?
Who observed a similar deviation from expected ratios in Drosophila?
What process shuffles linked genes during meiosis?
What process shuffles linked genes during meiosis?
Offspring that have different combinations of traits from the parental generation due to crossing over are known as what?
Offspring that have different combinations of traits from the parental generation due to crossing over are known as what?
What is the method for mapping genes along chromosomes based on recombination frequency?
What is the method for mapping genes along chromosomes based on recombination frequency?
Estimation of the arrangement and relative distances between linked genes based on recombination frequencies is called what?
Estimation of the arrangement and relative distances between linked genes based on recombination frequencies is called what?
What is the linear order of genes along a chromosome?
What is the linear order of genes along a chromosome?
What is the formula used to calculate recombination frequency?
What is the formula used to calculate recombination frequency?
What is a map unit or centiMorgan (cM) equivalent to?
What is a map unit or centiMorgan (cM) equivalent to?
What is the example of a test cross used to calculate recombination frequency?
What is the example of a test cross used to calculate recombination frequency?
How do you calculate recombination frequency in the test cross example?
How do you calculate recombination frequency in the test cross example?
Flashcards
Inheritance
Inheritance
The passing of traits from parents to offspring.
Pangenesis
Pangenesis
An outdated theory suggesting that 'seeds' from all body parts contribute to inheritance.
Blending Inheritance
Blending Inheritance
A discredited theory where traits mix like paint in offspring.
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel
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Garden Pea
Garden Pea
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Genetic Variation
Genetic Variation
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Self-Fertilization
Self-Fertilization
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Cross-Fertilization
Cross-Fertilization
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Single Factor Crosses
Single Factor Crosses
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P Generation
P Generation
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F1 Generation
F1 Generation
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F2 Generation
F2 Generation
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Dominant Trait
Dominant Trait
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Recessive Trait
Recessive Trait
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Alleles
Alleles
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Law of Segregation
Law of Segregation
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Genotype
Genotype
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Phenotype
Phenotype
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Homozygous
Homozygous
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Heterozygous
Heterozygous
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Punnett Square
Punnett Square
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Testcross
Testcross
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Two-Factor Cross
Two-Factor Cross
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Independent Assortment
Independent Assortment
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Pedigree Analysis
Pedigree Analysis
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Mendelian Patterns
Mendelian Patterns
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Mutant Allele
Mutant Allele
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Study Notes
Mendelian Inheritance Patterns
- Inheritance: Transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
- Pangenesis: Theory proposing "seeds" from all body parts transmit traits.
- Blending Inheritance: Traits blend in offspring, not maintained separately.
- Gregor Mendel: Father of modern genetics, studied pea plants.
- Garden Pea (Pisum sativum): Plant used for Mendel's genetic studies.
- Genetic Variation: Diverse observable characteristics in pea plants.
- Self-Fertilization: Fertilization within the same plant.
- Cross-Fertilization: Manual fertilization of plants to create hybrids.
- Single Factor Crosses: Studies inheritance of variants of one trait only.
- P Generation: True-breeding parents used in a genetic cross.
- F1 Generation: First-generation offspring from the P generation.
- F2 Generation: Offspring resulting from self-fertilized F1 hybrids.
- Dominant Trait: Trait always expressed in F1 hybrids.
- Recessive Trait: Trait hidden in F1, but expressed in F2 if inherited from both parents.
- Alleles: Variant forms of a gene.
- Law of Segregation: Alleles separate during gamete formation.
- Genotype: Genetic makeup (combination of alleles) of an organism.
- Phenotype: Observable characteristics or traits of an organism.
- Homozygous: Two identical alleles for a gene.
- Heterozygous: Two different alleles for a gene.
- Punnett Square: Tool to predict possible genotypes and phenotypes in a genetic cross.
- Testcross: Used to identify genotypes of unknown individuals.
- Two-Factor Crosses: Studies inheritance of two different traits.
- Independent Assortment: Alleles for different traits separate independently during gamete formation.
- Pedigree Analysis: Study of traits across generations, analyzing familial relationships.
- Mendelian Patterns: Simple patterns of inheritance for genetic diseases.
- Mutant Allele: Altered gene version causing disease or traits.
- Pedigree: Chart showing inheritance of a trait across generations.
Human Genetic Disorders
- Cystic Fibrosis (CF): Recessive disorder affecting chloride channel function, causes thick mucus.
- Heterozygous Carrier: Individual carrying one recessive allele but does not express the trait.
- CFTR Gene: Gene that encodes the chloride channel affected in CF.
- Huntington Disease: Dominant disorder causing progressive neurological problems, usually appearing in adulthood.
- Autosomes: Chromosomes not involved in determining sex.
- Sex Chromosomes: Chromosomes determining sex (e.g., X and Y).
- XY System: Sex determination system in humans, males have XY, females have XX.
- SRY Gene: Gene on Y chromosome triggering male development.
- X-Linked Traits: Traits determined by genes on the X chromosome.
- Hemizygous: Having one copy of a gene on the X chromosome (common in males).
- X-Linked Recessive Disease: Disease more common in males since males only have one X chromosome.
- Hemophilia A: X-linked recessive disorder causing excessive bleeding.
- Morgan's Experiments: Experiments on fruit flies (Drosophila) demonstrating linkage and chromosome-based inheritance.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
- Wild-Type Allele: Most common allele in a population.
- Mutant Allele: Less common allele due to mutation.
- Loss of Function Mutation: Mutation resulting in decreased production or activity of a protein.
- Dominant Phenotype: Phenotype expressed with only one copy of the dominant allele.
- Dominant Allele: Allele that produces a functional protein even in a heterozygous state.
- Recessive Allele: Allele that only produces a functional protein in the homozygous state.
- Incomplete Dominance: Heterozygotes exhibit an intermediate phenotype.
- Phenylketonuria (PKU): Heterozygotes have elevated phenylalanine levels but not severe symptoms.
- Codominance: Both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote.
- Norm of Reaction: Phenotype ranges depending on environmental conditions.
- Complex Traits: Traits influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.
- Gene Interaction: Multiple genes influence a single trait.
- Epistasis: One gene masks the expression of another gene.
Non-nuclear Inheritance
- Extranuclear Inheritance/Cytoplasmic Inheritance: Inheritance of traits from genes located outside the cell nucleus (mitochondria and chloroplasts).
- Organelle Genomes: Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes.
- Maternal Inheritance: Organelle genomes are typically inherited from the mother.
- Chloroplast mutations example: Mutations in the chloroplast genome influence chlorophyll synthesis affecting leaf colors.
- Mitochondrial Genome: Mitochondrial genome contains genes for tRNA, rRNA and proteins involved in cellular respiration.
- Mitochondrial diseases: Caused by mutations in mitochondrial genes, often inherited maternally.
- LHON: An inherited form of vision loss caused by mitochondrial mutations.
Linkage and Mapping
- Gene Linkage: Genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together.
- Linkage Groups: Genes on the same chromosome.
- Bateson and Punnett's Crosses: First to show gene linkage through experiments with sweet peas.
- Crossing Over: Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
- Recombinants: Offspring with traits different from either parent in a genetic cross.
- Linkage Mapping: Determining the relative distances between linked genes using recombination frequency.
- Genetic Map : Linear order of genes on a chromosome.
- Recombination Frequency: Measure of how frequently linked genes separate during meiosis.
- Map Unit/CentiMorgan (cM): Unit used to measure genetic distance on a chromosome map (1% recombination frequency = 1 map unit).
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of Mendelian inheritance, including key theories like pangenesis and blending inheritance. Discover how Gregor Mendel's experiments with garden peas laid the foundation for modern genetics. Test your knowledge on inheritance patterns, generations, and traits.
