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What did the original meaning of philosophy entail according to the Greeks?
What did the original meaning of philosophy entail according to the Greeks?
- The pursuit of knowledge for its own sake (correct)
- The pursuit of physical strength
- The pursuit of material wealth
- The pursuit of power and control
What was Socrates known for in his method of inquiry?
What was Socrates known for in his method of inquiry?
- Running away from philosophical discussions
- Agreeing with everyone to avoid conflict
- Engaging in physical combat with his opponents
- Questioning everyday views and popular Athenian beliefs (correct)
According to Socrates, what role did self-knowledge play in a person's life?
According to Socrates, what role did self-knowledge play in a person's life?
- Causes confusion and disarray
- Leads to physical strength
- Hinders progress and self-awareness
- Opens one's eyes to their true nature (correct)
Socrates described the body as a ___________ slave according to the text.
Socrates described the body as a ___________ slave according to the text.
What did Plato emphasize as necessary to attain happiness?
What did Plato emphasize as necessary to attain happiness?
Who was the student of Socrates known for the 'Theory of Forms'?
Who was the student of Socrates known for the 'Theory of Forms'?
What is the philosophical method of 'collection and division' used for?
What is the philosophical method of 'collection and division' used for?
Which part of the soul is inclined towards reason but also understands the demands of passion?
Which part of the soul is inclined towards reason but also understands the demands of passion?
What is considered as the most divine aspect of the human being according to the text?
What is considered as the most divine aspect of the human being according to the text?
Which part of the soul enjoys sensual experiences like food, drink, and sex?
Which part of the soul enjoys sensual experiences like food, drink, and sex?
How does the Rational (reasoning) part of the soul relate to sensual experiences?
How does the Rational (reasoning) part of the soul relate to sensual experiences?
According to Saint Augustine, what did he adopt from Plato's view about the 'self'?
According to Saint Augustine, what did he adopt from Plato's view about the 'self'?
What was Descartes' famous line that reflects his view on the 'self'?
What was Descartes' famous line that reflects his view on the 'self'?
According to John Locke, how did he expand the definition of 'self'?
According to John Locke, how did he expand the definition of 'self'?
What is David Hume's concept of the 'self' based on the text?
What is David Hume's concept of the 'self' based on the text?
How did Immanuel Kant view the 'self'?
How did Immanuel Kant view the 'self'?
What is Sigmund Freud's most important contribution to psychology as mentioned in the text?
What is Sigmund Freud's most important contribution to psychology as mentioned in the text?
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what characterizes the unconscious mind?
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what characterizes the unconscious mind?
In Freud's structural model of the psyche, what does the id operate based on?
In Freud's structural model of the psyche, what does the id operate based on?
What does Freud's superego consist of?
What does Freud's superego consist of?
What mental process does Kant emphasize for organizing information?
What mental process does Kant emphasize for organizing information?
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Study Notes
Philosophy in Ancient Greece
- Philosophy originally meant "love of wisdom" and involved inquiry into fundamental questions of existence, ethics, and knowledge.
- Socrates is known for his dialectical method of inquiry, engaging in dialogues to stimulate critical thinking and illuminate ideas.
Socrates and Self-Knowledge
- Self-knowledge is essential for a virtuous and meaningful life; understanding oneself leads to true wisdom.
- Socrates metaphorically described the body as a "slave," indicating its subservient role to the soul and intellect.
Plato's Philosophical Contributions
- Plato emphasized the necessity of philosophical contemplation and virtue to attain true happiness and fulfillment.
- He is the student of Socrates known for the 'Theory of Forms,' which posits that non-material abstract forms represent the most accurate reality.
The Soul and Its Components
- The rational part of the soul is inclined towards reason yet acknowledges passionate desires.
- The most divine aspect of humanity is often attributed to rational thought and the pursuit of knowledge.
- The appetitive part of the soul seeks sensual experiences, including food, drink, and sexual pleasures.
- The Rational part moderates sensual experiences by guiding them with reason and moral understanding.
The Concept of Self in Philosophy
- Saint Augustine adopted Plato’s view that the self is a reflection of the divine and seeks eternal truths.
- Descartes famously expressed, "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am), emphasizing thought as the essence of the self.
- John Locke expanded the definition of the self to include consciousness, continuity, and personal identity over time.
The Self According to Various Philosophers
- David Hume argued that the self is a bundle of perceptions, lacking a permanent identity, emphasizing fluidity and change.
- Immanuel Kant viewed the self as a complex unity of experiences, governed by rational thought and moral principles.
Freud's Contributions to Psychology
- Sigmund Freud's most significant contribution is the development of psychoanalytic theory, which explores the unconscious mind.
- The unconscious mind is characterized by hidden desires, repressed memories, and instinctual drives influencing behavior.
- In Freud's structural model of the psyche, the id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking instant gratification without regard for reality.
- The superego consists of moral standards and societal norms, guiding behavior by imposing ideals and prohibitions.
- Kant emphasized a mental process that organizes information through categories, shaping human understanding and perception.
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