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Questions and Answers
Which method was used during the Severe Style to increase naturalness and freedom of form?
Which method was used during the Severe Style to increase naturalness and freedom of form?
What is a key characteristic of sculpture in the Classical/Hellenic style?
What is a key characteristic of sculpture in the Classical/Hellenic style?
What position is often associated with Classical/Hellenic sculpture?
What position is often associated with Classical/Hellenic sculpture?
Which example is associated with the Severe Style in Greek art?
Which example is associated with the Severe Style in Greek art?
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Which technique was used in Greek paintings to create the illusion of a third dimension?
Which technique was used in Greek paintings to create the illusion of a third dimension?
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During which period did the Greek dynasties become established in Egypt, Syria, Persia, and Greece?
During which period did the Greek dynasties become established in Egypt, Syria, Persia, and Greece?
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What is emphasized in Greek Geometric Style pottery?
What is emphasized in Greek Geometric Style pottery?
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Which style of Greek pottery is known for using Eastern iconography?
Which style of Greek pottery is known for using Eastern iconography?
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In which style of Greek pottery were figures left in red against a black background?
In which style of Greek pottery were figures left in red against a black background?
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Which style of Greek pottery featured a white clay background with applied figures?
Which style of Greek pottery featured a white clay background with applied figures?
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Which of the following is a type of Greek storage and transport vessel?
Which of the following is a type of Greek storage and transport vessel?
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Which subject matter is depicted in the sculpture 'Laocoon and His Sons'?
Which subject matter is depicted in the sculpture 'Laocoon and His Sons'?
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During which Greek art period was the 'contrapposto' technique in statues developed?
During which Greek art period was the 'contrapposto' technique in statues developed?
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What was a favorite subject of sculpture during the Archaic Period?
What was a favorite subject of sculpture during the Archaic Period?
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What characterizes Hellenistic art compared to earlier periods?
What characterizes Hellenistic art compared to earlier periods?
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Which architectural orders were prominent during the Archaic Period?
Which architectural orders were prominent during the Archaic Period?
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What distinguishes the Classical Period in Greek art?
What distinguishes the Classical Period in Greek art?
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Which period is known for the introduction of life-size stone statues?
Which period is known for the introduction of life-size stone statues?
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Which vessel was commonly used for storing and pouring oil?
Which vessel was commonly used for storing and pouring oil?
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What is a Rhyton primarily used for?
What is a Rhyton primarily used for?
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Which Greek order is known for its simple, sturdy columns without bases?
Which Greek order is known for its simple, sturdy columns without bases?
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Which vessel is identified by its three handles primarily used for carrying water?
Which vessel is identified by its three handles primarily used for carrying water?
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What is the function of a Pyxis?
What is the function of a Pyxis?
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Which vessel is described as a drinking cup with 'huge ears'?
Which vessel is described as a drinking cup with 'huge ears'?
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Which type of molding starts and ends horizontally and usually features a honeysuckle motif?
Which type of molding starts and ends horizontally and usually features a honeysuckle motif?
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What is a Caryatid?
What is a Caryatid?
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Which term refers to a 'city upon a hill' or citadel?
Which term refers to a 'city upon a hill' or citadel?
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What was the main purpose of a Greek temple?
What was the main purpose of a Greek temple?
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What is a Telamon?
What is a Telamon?
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What is the function of the Naos in a classical temple?
What is the function of the Naos in a classical temple?
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Which part of the Doric order is the topmost step?
Which part of the Doric order is the topmost step?
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What is a characteristic feature of the Doric column?
What is a characteristic feature of the Doric column?
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Which part of a Doric column is located directly above the echinus?
Which part of a Doric column is located directly above the echinus?
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Which order has a volute capital and a fluted shaft with a base?
Which order has a volute capital and a fluted shaft with a base?
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Which order features an acanthus capital?
Which order features an acanthus capital?
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What is the primary purpose of the cornice in classical architecture?
What is the primary purpose of the cornice in classical architecture?
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Which molding type is often decorated with an egg & dart motif?
Which molding type is often decorated with an egg & dart motif?
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What does the term 'entasis' refer to in classical column design?
What does the term 'entasis' refer to in classical column design?
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Which component of the entablature is located directly above the architrave?
Which component of the entablature is located directly above the architrave?
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What are triglyphs characterized by?
What are triglyphs characterized by?
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Which feature is a low, slanting cornice?
Which feature is a low, slanting cornice?
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What does the fresco technique involve?
What does the fresco technique involve?
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What is an equestrian monument?
What is an equestrian monument?
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Which of these materials was commonly used in Roman Architecture for constructing domes?
Which of these materials was commonly used in Roman Architecture for constructing domes?
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What does the term 'column of victory' refer to?
What does the term 'column of victory' refer to?
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Which Roman order is a combination of the Ionic shaft and Corinthian capital?
Which Roman order is a combination of the Ionic shaft and Corinthian capital?
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What is a mosaic?
What is a mosaic?
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Which of the following features are typical of Roman architecture?
Which of the following features are typical of Roman architecture?
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What did Vitruvius standardize in Roman architecture?
What did Vitruvius standardize in Roman architecture?
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What type of theater is used for horse and chariot races?
What type of theater is used for horse and chariot races?
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Which structure in a theater served as a backdrop for the acting area or dressing room?
Which structure in a theater served as a backdrop for the acting area or dressing room?
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What is the large, circular area in a theater called?
What is the large, circular area in a theater called?
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Which landmark serves as the monumental entrance to the Acropolis?
Which landmark serves as the monumental entrance to the Acropolis?
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What type of building is a Prytaneion?
What type of building is a Prytaneion?
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Which theater type is described as being elongated for foot races?
Which theater type is described as being elongated for foot races?
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What is the purpose of a Mausoleum?
What is the purpose of a Mausoleum?
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Which part of the theater is also known as the 'entrance'?
Which part of the theater is also known as the 'entrance'?
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What are the main characteristics of Roman architecture?
What are the main characteristics of Roman architecture?
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Which material was extensively used in Roman architecture due to its strength, low cost, and flexibility?
Which material was extensively used in Roman architecture due to its strength, low cost, and flexibility?
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What aspect is most notable in Roman sculpture?
What aspect is most notable in Roman sculpture?
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Which periods are included in Roman art history?
Which periods are included in Roman art history?
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Which one of these is a characteristic feature of Etruscan funerary art?
Which one of these is a characteristic feature of Etruscan funerary art?
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Which type of tomb is unique to Etruscan architecture?
Which type of tomb is unique to Etruscan architecture?
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What was a key focus of Roman Republican portrait sculpture?
What was a key focus of Roman Republican portrait sculpture?
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Where did Roman relief sculpture commonly appear?
Where did Roman relief sculpture commonly appear?
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Study Notes
Greek Art (3200-32 BC)
- Characterized by a system of construction based on rules of form and proportion.
Periods in Greek Art
- Dark Age and Geometric Period (100-700 BC)
- Archaic Period (700-480 BC)
- Hellenic/Classical Period (480-323 BC)
- Hellenistic Age (323-31 BC)
Archaic Period
Sculpture
- Cylindrical forms and simple, formalized features of draperies
- Kouros (robed standing youth) was a favorite subject
Archaic Smile
- Vases: black-and-red-figure ware
- Architecture: Doric and Ionic orders
Hellenic Art
- Of or pertaining to ancient Greek history, cultural art, especially before the time of Alexander the Great.
Periods
- Geometric Period: Revival of figure painting in Greece
- Archaic Period: Construction of the oldest Doric and Ionic temples, life-size stone statues with "A"
- Classical Period: Contrapposto in statues, Polykleitos formulates canon of proportions, rebuilding of the Athenian Acropolis
Sculptors
- Humanize Greeks gods
- Corinthian capitals introduced
Hellenistic
- Artists explore new subjects
- Artists break the rules of the classical orders
Styles in Greek Art in the Hellenic Period
Severe Style
- Characterized by movement towards increasing naturalness and freedom of form.
- Use of lost-wax method and bronze casting
- Example: Bronze Charioteer, Poseidon
Classical/Hellenic Style
- The art of Greece's Golden Age.
- Idealized representations of the subject with perfect bodily proportion
Sculpture:
- Characterized by vertical folds of cloth.
- Contrapposto position where the arms and legs are in contrary positions, allowing for more movement.
- Example: Discobolus, Parthenon statues
Paintings
- Paintings attempt to depict reality by using devices to create the illusion of a third dimension in flat painting (like foreshortening and shadow modeling).
Architecture
- Examples: Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Lighthouse (Pharos) at Alexandria, Colossus of Rhodes, Altar of Zeus
Hellenistic Art
- Art of or pertaining to Greek culture and art of the times of Alexander the Great's death in 323 BC through the 1st century BC during which the Greek dynasties were established in Egypt, Syria, Persia, and Greece.
Sculpture
- Adapted to employ the canons and mathematical rules of Proportion
- Realism and emotional intensity
- Ex: Laocoon and His Sons
Greek Pottery Styles
Geometric Style (1000-700 BC)
- Characterized by rectilinear meander patterns.
- Each pattern is framed by circular horizontal borders that emphasize the shape of the pot.
Orientalizing Style (c. 700-640 BC)
- Characterized by the assimilation of Eastern iconography.
- Shapes are larger and more curvilinear, and geometric patterns are now used simply as borders.
Archaic (640-490 BC)
- Black-figure - the artist painted the figure in black silhouette with a slip of clay and water.
Late Archaic to Classical (530-400 BC)
- Red-figure - the process was reversed, as figures were left in red against a black background, and details were painted in black.
Classical to Late Classical (420-4 C BC)
- White ground - a wash of white clay formed the background. Figures were then applied in black and additional colors were added
Greek Vases
- Greek pottery may be divided into four broad categories
Storage and Transport Vessels
- Including:
- amphora
- pithas
- pelike
- Hydria
- Stamnos
- Pyxis
Mixing vessels, mainly:
- **Amphora:** Used for storing honey, olive oil, wine, and water
- **Hydria:** A water jar with 3 handles
- **Lekythos:** A flask for storing and pouring oil
- **Krater:** A large vessel with 2 handles for mixing wine and water
- **Volute-Krater:** A krater where the tops of the handles have a volute or scroll.
More commonly decorated in the red-figure style.
- Kylix: A stemmed cup with 2 horizontal handles and a stemmed foot, used for drinking wine
- Oenochoe: Jug for pouring wine
- Skyphos: Deep bowl
- Olpe: Used for drinking, considered a type of mug
- Kantharos: Drinking cup with huge ears
- Alabastron: Holds oils and perfumes
- Pelike: A jar used for storing liquids such as oils and wines.Also used to contain ashes after cremation.
- Pyxis: A small circular box with a lid, often used for the storage of jewelry and toiletries
- Rhyton: Used in religious practices for the pouring of libations.They may also take the shape of animal heads, especially bulls.
Orders in Greek Architecture
- An arrangement of a particular style of column together with the entablature (which it supports) and standardized details, including its base and capital.
- The Greeks developed the Corinthian order, Doric order, and Ionic order
Doric
- Earliest and most massive.
- The column has no base, a fluted shaft, and plain capital.
Ionic
- Lighter than Doric.
- Fluted shaft has a base; volute capital.
Corinthian
- A variant of the Ionic with its plinth and fluted shaft and its distinctive ornate capital.Acanthus capital.
Parts of Major Greek Orders
- Upright column
- Base and capital
- Horizontal entablature
Entablature:
- Architrave - plain, horizontal member above a capital
- Frieze - a band above the architrave consisting of alternating, triglyphs and metopes
- Triglyph - rectangles with vertical incisions carved into their surface
- Metope - slabs of stone either plane or with sculpture in relief
- Regula - a short band under the triglyph
- Tenia
- Cornice - a projection above the frieze to protect from the weather
- Raking cornice - low, slanting cornice
- Pediment - a triangular gable usually having a horizontal cornice, with raked cornices on each side, surmounting
Entasis
- a technique applied on columns which do not taper in a straight line, but bulge outward about one-third of the way up from the base.
Greek molding and molding ornamentation
- Fillet - small, flat, plain surface used to separate other moldings
- Fascia - a wide, straight surface
- Ovolo - a convex curved surface, quarter-circle; often with egg & dart motif.
- Cavetto - a concave surface, approximating the interior curve of a
- Quarter circle
- Cyma recta: An S-shaped curved surface that starts and ends horizontally; usually with honeysuckle motif.
- Cyma reversa: Starts and ends vertically, with waterleaf
- Torus convex: Surface approximately the exterior of a semi-circle; with guilloche
- Bead: Small torus
- Scotia: A deep, hollow, concave molding, usually found on a column base.
Other sculptures
- Caryatids: Columns with shafts in female form.
- Telamon: A sculptured male human figure used in place of a column to support an entablature; also called an Atlas.
Forms of Greek Architecture
- Agora: Plaza/court, meeting place; platform for speaker.
- Stoa: A long colonnaded multi-purpose building.
- Acropolis: City upon a hill; citadel.Ex: Acropolis of Athens
Temple
- Built to house the deity
- Parts
- Hypostyle hall: A large space with a flat roof supported by rows of columns; composed of the pronaos, naos
- Pronaos: The inner portico in front of the naos of a classical temple.
- Naos: The sanctuary of a classical temple, containing the cult statue of the god.
Theatre
- For plays and performances.
- Consisted of stone seats wrapped around the orchestra and face the scene (stage building).
- Types of Theater
- Auditorium semi-circular form and hollowed out of a hill
- Odeon covered smaller theaters
- Stadium elongated theaters for foot races
- Hippodrome for horse and chariot races
- Parts of a Theater
- Orchestra (dancing place) large, circular area; contains a slightly raised stone on which was placed the statues of deities (usually, Dionysus)
- Proscenium acting area behind the orchestra
- Skene a structure serving as backdrop
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Description
Explore the history of Greek art from 3200-32 BC, characterized by its system of construction based on rules of form and proportion. Learn about the different periods, including the Dark Age, Geometric, Archaic, and Hellenic/Classical periods.
